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Thorsten Ritz
Magnetic Orientation and RF Fields: Possible Mechanisms of Interaction
flavin
Trp
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE
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European Robin, Erithacus rubeculaWiltschko Lab, Frankfurt
The Bird
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Funnel cage by Emlen & Emlen (1966)
Funnel paper on a light desk
Funnel cage lined with coated paper
Method used to record directions in captive birds:
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The Response(Magnetic Compass)
Wiltschko and Wiltschko, Science 176: 62 (1972)
European Robin
Magnetic northturned 120°
mN = SEmN = N
Local geomagnetic field
Wiltschko Lab, Frankfurt
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Experimental Set-up for Tests Under Monochromatic Light
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Experimental Set-up for Tests UnderMonochromatic Light
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LED - Spektra
Wavelength (nm)
Light Affects Magnetic Compass
Austr. SilvereyeEuropean RobinsGarden Warbler Carrier PigeonDomestic Chicken
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Change of Vertical Component
Vertical component reversedLocal geomagnetic field
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Inclination Compass
Wiltschko and Wiltschko, Science 176: 62 (1972)
Flip horizontal component
Geomagnetic field
Flip vertical component
Reverse polarity
Birds detect inclination angle, not polarity of the magnetic field
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE
Inclination = angle of themagnetic field with
horizon
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Strength of geomagnetic field in Frankfurt ca. 46 000 nT
Field strength during pre-adaptation
Fiel
d st
reng
th d
urin
g te
stin
gFunctional Window for Magnetic Compass
Avian magnetic compass operates in a narrow functional window that adapts
to local magnetic field conditions
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Diagnostic test for radical pairs:Radio Frequency Magnetic Fields
will affect radical pairs via resonances if high-frequency field is strong enough and has right frequencies
will not affect iron oxide particesIron oxide particles cannot track weak oscillating fields above 100 HzFerromagnetic resonances are in 500 MHz-GHz range
Resonances with hyperfine interactions: 0.1-50 MHzFree electron resonance (Larmor-frequency) for 50 µT: 1.4 MHz
High-frequency magnetic fields
High-frequency fields should affect behavior
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Effects of RF fields on magnetic compass responses
480 nT, 1.315 MHz85 nT, 0.1-10 MHz
Ritz et al. Nature 429 (2004), Thalau et al. Naturwiss 92 (2005)
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Testing different frequencies
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Test in the local geomagnetic field at three frequencies and various intensities:
0.65 MHz
1.315 MHz = Larmor frequency of free electron
2.63 MHz
15 nT
5 nT
48 nT
150 nT
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Summary of the behavioral tests:
Ritz et al., Biophys J, 2009
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Strong resonance at Larmor Frequency has been observed in 4 species
Chicken Zebra FinchEuropean Robin
cockroach
Wiltschko et al.,J Exp Biol 210 (2007)
Keary et al.,Front. Zool. 6 (2009)
Vacha et al.,J Exp Biol 212 (2009)
Mole-rats: no effect
Thalau, Ritz et al. (2006), J. R. Soc. Interface 3
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15 nT
5 nT
48 nT
150 nT Shift of strongresonanceto 2.63 Mhz in 92 µT field
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No effect if high-frequency field is parallel to static field
Ritz et al. Nature 429 (2004)
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Singlet TripletD + A D + A
magnetic nuclei
D + A electrontransfer
light
TripletProducts
SingletProducts
Signal
Magnetic field effects on spin-selective reactions
kS kT
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Singlet TripletD + A D + A
magnetic nuclei+ external field
D + A electrontransfer
light
TripletProducts
SingletProducts
Magnetic field changes concentrations
Signal
kTkS
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Yield as Measure of MFE
Upper bound fork: about 1 MHz
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Optimal Sensitivity: Free Electron Radical Pair
Symmetry in zero-field Hamiltonianbroken by Zeeman interaction +coherent link =additional oscillation channels:
Decreased singlet yield in singlet-born RP
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In Vitro Proof-of-Principle
Peter Hore lab, Oxford From Maeda et al. Nature 453, 387 (2008)
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RF Field Effects: Expectations
Frequency
Low-frequency cut-off if field becomes effectively static ωRF << kHigh- and low-frequency cut-off if field outside of HFI-induced splittings
MHzkHz
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Testing different frequencies
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RF Field Effects on Free-Electron RP: Expectations
Sharp Resonance at Larmor Frequency: ωres = γe B (1.315 MHz for 46 µT; 2.63 MHz for 92 µT)
Relative strength to other resonances: ~30x stronger
No effects if RF field is parallel to static field
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RF Effects: Expectations for Free-Electron RP
Frequency
1.315 MHz ( for )
+++
_
+ + ++_
__ _
___
__
30x
1x
__
Shift for other static field
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Quantitative interpretation requires more information
0.1% at 10 µs, rapid increase around γe BRF
saturation at > 1ms
Noise level? Signal Transduction?
informs required
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Alternative Mechanisms?
Ferromagnetic Resonances: Typically at much higher frequencies (GHz)
Resonances with other interactions (spin-orbit couplings, nuclear spin resonances)
Optical pumping: double resonance process: MJM Leask, Nature 267 (1977)
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What could we do next?Observation:
RF Fields can “switch off” magnetic orientation respin birds (and cockroaches)
1. “Switching on” magnetic orientation in birds
2. Interfacing with other responses: light responses, viability(?)Any response affected by static magnetic fields via a radical-pair mechanismshould also be affected by RF fields
3. Genetic engineering of novel phenotypes (via cryptochrome as molecular transducer) If cryptochrome responses are affected by magnetic fields and RF fields, then introducing cryptochromes into organisms might create new RF-sensitive phenotypes
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Molecular Transducer: Cryptochrome?
Only photoreceptor known in birds to form radical pairsFound in retina of birds
Flavin (fully oxidized)
Flavin(semiquinone)
Flavin (fully reduced)
450 nm
520 -620 nm
+O2
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MFE on purified protein in steady-state fluorescence
time
% change (B=0.5G) – (B=5 G)
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MFEs on Light Responses Regulated by Cry
Hypocotyl Growth Inhibition
Anthocyanin Accumulation
Cry stability
Ahmad, Galland, Ritz et al. Planta (2007)
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MFE on Drosophila responses
Gegear et al. Nature 451, 1014 (2008)
Avoidance responses of 5 G fieldDifferences between trained/untrained responsesEffects require functional Cry
Reppert lab
Substituting human Cry in flies leads to similar responses
Foley et al. Nat Commun 2 (2011)
Light entrainment of circadian rhythm affected by 5G field
Yoshii et al. PLoS Biol. 7 (2009) Ahmad lab
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New Phenotypes sensitive to MFE?
Selective pressure on magnetic avoidance responses:“super-sensitive” fruit flies?
Introducing cryptochromes into bacteria: changes in viability, light responses changes in magnetic sensitivity? oriented responses?
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE
Wolfgang & Roswitha (U Frankfurt) Wiltschko
Peter Thalau
Margaret Ahmad (U Paris VI, CNRF) Jean-Pierre Bouly
Peter Hore (Oxford Univ.)Christiane Timmel Christopher Rodgers
Katrin Stapput
Collaborators
Students: Erin Hill, Maria Procopio, Kefei Wang, Greg Zicharelli Alexandre Colavin, Gabe Dilanji, Anita Vora
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Do we have a magnetic compass?
Highly controversial “Manchester Experiments” (Robin Baker, 1970s)
Potentially more meaningful: modulation of visual threshold (Thoss, 2003)
Verdict still out, but even if we have a compass it is not very trustworthy