Download - Madhu Raman Acharya 21 July 2014
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Madhu Raman Acharya21 July 2014
Changing Scope and Dimension of Peacekeeping and the Participation of Nepal
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IntroductionWord of welcomeOnly introducing the subject before the main speakerNepal’s perspectivesPeacekeeping: global challenges Some steps to be taken
From Nepal’s sideFrom UN’s side
(Does not represent the views so the Government of Nepal and that of the UN)
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Nepal in the UN PKOLong association (since first participation in 1958- three years after UN
membership in 1955)Long experience (58 years)
Continuous contingent participation in PKO since 1974Participation in all major missions
Huge contribution40 Missions over 100,000 uniformed personnelSacrifice of 58 lives- Similar numbers injured and disabled Contributed troops and police even to UN mission even during
domestic conflict (1996-2006)Among top ten troops contributors
6th largest- 4,762 uniformed personnel as of May 2014 (DPKO)-
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Nepal in the UN PKONepal has significantly invested in its capacity
Standby troops/ Equipment Peacekeeping Training Centre -since 1986
Nepal’s three security agencies (army, police and armed police) contribute personnel to peacekeeping
Excellent performance – widely acclaimed- included in Nobel Peace Prize receiving entourage of the SG
Force commanders ( 4 missions)Increasing participation of police/armed police forcesResponded to every call of the UN for deployment
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Nepal in the UN PKONo caveats in deploymentFlexibility, adaptability and versatility- main characteristics of
Nepal’s peacekeepersNo vested interests (political, economic or cultural) in the
peacekeeping settingsConsiders peacekeeping as an important instrument for
solving conflicts and maintaining international peace and security
PKOs have provided Nepal wide exposure, identity and role in the global arena
Increased professionalism of Nepalese uniformed personnel
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Nepal in the UN PKONon-permanent member of the Security Council twice (1969-
70, 1988-89)- also recognition of Nepal’s contribution in peacekeeping
Nepal also became member of the UN Peacebuilding Commission (2009) on account of its troops contribution
Participation in UN peacekeeping consistent with its foreign policy objectives and principles, including of the UN Charter
An important instrument in Nepal’s engagement with the United Nations activities around the world
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Nepal and UN peacekeepingUN peacekeeping in Nepalese psyche
Songs and filmsShanti Sena as respected job and as an opportunityMost Nepali army and police officials have served at least in one
mission and are proud of itUN Peacekeeping gives Nepal
International platformStrong partnership with the United NationsInternational identityProfessional exposure
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Nepal’s participation in major PKOsMission Year Mission Year
Sinai 1974 East Timor 1999
Lebanon 1978, 2006 Liberia 2003
Lebanon 1978 Burundi 2004
Haiti 1991, 2004 Sudan 2004, 2008, 2012
Somalia 1993 Lebanon 2008
Former Yugoslavia 1994 Chad 2008
Sierra Leone 1999 South Sudan 2011
DR Congo 1999 Mali 2013
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1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Nepal's Contribution to UN Peacekeeping Operations
Averagae number of uniformed personnel
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Nepal: Current Standing(As of May 2014, DPKO)
South Sudan (UNMISS )- 1,354Congo (MONUSCO)- 1,049Lebanon (UNIFIL) - 869Darfur( UNAMID) - 603Liberia (UNMIL )- FPUs 417Haiti (MINUSTAH) - 154 Mali (MINUSMA) 149Syria (UNDOF) - 72Iraq (UNAMI)- 49 Abei, Sudan UNISFA 4Code d’ Ivoire (UNOCI)- 4Western Sahara (MINURSO) 4Middle East (UNTSO)- 4Total 4,762
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Types of contribution from NepalInfantryMilitary ObserversMilitary PoliceEngineersStaff OfficersPolice AdvisorsFormed Police UnitsPolice MonitorsOthers
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Peacekeeping: Some features
Most visible flag of the UNValuable instrument for maintain peace and security – other
alternates are riskier and costlierCheaper instrument - $ 7.83 billion (2013/14)- less than 0.5%
of the world’s military expenses $ 1,747 billion (2013)Still bigger than UN’s biennial budget
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Peacekeeping: Important featuresMissions with various needs
Disarmament ElectionsHuman rights monitoringSupport to refugees/ returneesProtection of civilians Security sector reformRule of law
DiversificationFrom peacekeeping, to peacemaking, peace enforcement, peacebuilding
etc.
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Reports GaloreBrahimi Report 2000
Concept of peace operations Highlighted need for increased political support Broadened the concept and doctrine of peacekeeping Some implemented, Others of scholarly interest,
Capstone Doctrine 2008- as a guide for UN personnelNew Horizons Report 2009
Thrust on policy measures, and capacity development, field support and oversight mechanism
Seeks to address the policy and major policy and strategy dilemmas faced by the PKOs
UN Peace Operations 2010- reform strategy for the next decade post Brahimi report
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Factors contributing to success of PKOs LegitimacyExperienceImpartialityCredibility
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Challenges of UN PeacekeepingToo big to manage- “overstretch”
98,755 uniformed personnel in 17 missions ( May 2014)Growing complexitiesGoing to places where there is “no peace to keep”Lack of political strategyAmbiguous mandates- divided Security Council “Mission creep”- so called Integrated Approach seeks to put
everything under PKOsLack of exit strategy- UN is stuck in most circumstances Haunted by failed mandates- Rwanda, Former Yugoslavia,
Somalia- several shortcomings still continuing
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Doctrinal Challenges
UN Charter has no provision for UN peacekeepingConsent of the parties- not applicable in peace
enforcement mandates (e.g. Darfur) Impartiality (undermined in many instances) especially
in Chapter VII mandatesUse of force- for self defense and in defense of the
mandate (e.g. protection of civilians)- difficulty in maintaining uniform approach
No commensurate investment in preventive diplomacy and political capability (cheaper to prevent)
Peacekeeping cannot be a substitute for addressing he root causes of conflict
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Doctrinal Challenges..
Difficulty to separate continuum of peacekeeping, peacebuilding and reconstruction
Difficulty to implement the thematic resolutions1325 on women in peace and security1612 Children in armed conflict1674 Protection of civilians
Putting “protection of civilians” in each mission’s mandate- creates false expectations – one of the causes of perceived failure of the UN
Protection mandate requires use of force which is difficult to apply under existing rules of engagement
Responsibility to Protect: Failure to apply, selectivity
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Operational Challenges
UN does not have its own militaryAbsence of rapid deployment capability Poor support from member states e.g. helicoptersResources crunch Robust peacekeeping – and hybrid missionsField support challengesLack of gender and geographical balance
Top troops contributors come from South AsiaWomen still under represented
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Other Challenges..
Disintegrated approach: each mission from scratch- same hurdles every time
Human rights abuses at home and at duty station- need better strategy to handle
Sexual abuse and harassment- implementation of “Zero Tolerance” policy
Safety and security of peacekeepers- peacekeeping has become more lethal
Need better consultation with troops contributing countries“Being informed is not same as being consulted”
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Nepal’s issues on Peacekeeping
Better involvement in mandating of the mission, political
strategy, rules of engagement and exit strategy
Standby capacity- lack of equipment support often
delaying deployment
Need more representation of women
Need more senior level appointments for both uniformed
and civilian personnel
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Nepal’s issues on PeacekeepingBetter use of Training centre- by the UN system for regional
endeavorsSafety and security concerns/ Need to exercise selectivity Need to increase civilian participation in peacekeeping
missions More efficient reimbursement procedureMore efficient vetting procedure for human rights- (DPKO
should consult before taking any action)Better oversight mechanism in purchases etc. to avoid scandals
of corruption in supplies (e.g. Darfur)
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Reforming Nepal’s peacekeeping Improve standby capacity- size of army has grown Reinforce contingent-owned equipment Gove more training on host country situation, driving,
languages, UN practices, human rights etc. Improve vetting procedure and end impunity allegations on
human rights Increase capability to deploy more women- showcasing
inclusive reformsTake stern action against sexual exploitation and abuse
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Measures DPKO should takeInvest in the capacity of the troops contributing countries (including
in standby equipment and training) Improve consultation with troops contributing countries (on
mandate, political strategy, rules of engagement, etc)Improve vetting procedure for human rights to avoid
embarrassment for both sides Consult with sending countries before taking any action on human
rights etc. Introduce more stringent measure for safety and security of
peacekeepers – introduce better risk analysis and rapid response mechanism
Speedier investigation into allegations against peacekeepers
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Measures DPKO should takeIntroduce better strategy to deal with unfounded allegations (e.g.
cholera in Haiti) –overshadowed what Nepalese troops did in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake
Improve partnership with regional organizations, troop contributing countries etc.
Increase senior level appointments from Nepal in UN’s missions and headquarters (military, police and civilians )No SRSG from Nepal in any of the UN’s peacekeeping missions so farNeed to appoint more force commanders, heads of police and senior
level civilians etc.
Thank You