![Page 1: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Macromolecules:What cells are made of
![Page 2: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
CA BIOLOGY STANDARD:
Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized from a small collection of simple precursors.
![Page 3: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
A Macromolecule is… An extremely large molecule, called a polymer,
made up of many smaller molecules called monomers. They are found in your cells, tissues and the food you eat.
They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous.
4 types of Macromolecules:Carbohydrates ProteinsLipids Nucleic acids
![Page 4: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Polymers and Monomers
Poly=many (polymer = many molecules strung together)
Mono=one (monomer = one molecule)
![Page 5: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Carbohydrates•Composed of C, H and O atoms in a C1H2O1 ratio.•3 types- monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
FUNCTIONS:•Used for Energy (50%-60% of your calories should come from carbs!) •Used for Cell Structure
•In plant cell walls•In insect exoskeletons
![Page 6: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
3 Types of Carbohydrates
Simple Carbohydrates Monosaccharides
(Mono = “one”
saccharide = sugar) Disaccharides
(Di = “two”)
Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharides
(Poly = “many”)
![Page 7: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Monosaccharide = One sugar
Function: ENERGY FOR CELLS!
Examples:glucose (plants)fructose (fruit)dextrose (corn)galactose (milk)
![Page 9: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
GLUCOSE!
“Gly-”, “Glu-” = Greek for sweet
“-ose” = sugar Glucose is synthesized
during photosynthesis by plants.
It is required by cells for energy during cellular respiration.
GLUCOSE MOLECULE
![Page 10: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
March 16 – Continue in Notes
WARM-UP: What is the difference between the 3 types of carbohydrates?
![Page 11: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Disaccharides = Two monosaccharides bonded together FUNCTION: ENERGY FOR
CELLS! Example:
Sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose
Lactose (milk sugar) = glucose + galactose
Maltose (malt sugar) = glucose + glucose
![Page 12: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Polysaccharides are long strings of monosaccharides bonded together.
Three types: Starch- Energy Can be digested; Plants store
extra glucose as starchEX: potato, rice, grains, pasta, vegetables
Fiber- Can’t be digested by humans prevents constipation and colon cancer and clogged arteries
Found in structure of plants = cellulose
EX: oat bran, skin of fruits, whole grains, vegetables Glycogen- used to store extra glucose in the liver for
times when you haven’t eaten!
![Page 13: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Monomers are joined together by condensation reactions to create polymers.
A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction in which two molecules react with each other with the concurrent loss of a molecule of water.
![Page 15: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Polymers are broken apart by hydrolysis reactions.
Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule is cleaved into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water.
![Page 16: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Nucleic Acids Store and
transmit genetic material (genes).
2 types: DNA and RNA
Monomers are called nucleotides.
![Page 17: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
How do you build a Nucleic Acid?
The building blocks of nucleic acids are nucleotides containing a nitrogenous base, sugar and a phosphate.
![Page 18: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
P = Phosphate
S = Sugar
G = Nitrogenous Base
Draw and label a nucleotide!
![Page 19: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Lipids are fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins
Lipids are hydrophobic (scared of water) and non-polar
Functions: Energy storage Cell membranes Hormone formation Healthy skin and hair Insulation and protection of
body organs
![Page 20: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
What does a lipid look like?
Lipids are made up of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
![Page 21: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Saturated fats are…Fats that have no double bonds between the carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain and are thus fully saturated with hydrogen atoms.
![Page 22: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
AtherosclerosisThe process of the arteries becoming progressively narrower.
Caused by eating too many saturated fats
![Page 23: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Actual Clogged Artery!
![Page 24: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Unsaturated Fats are… Fats in which there is at least one double
bond within the fatty acid chain. A fat molecule is monounsaturated if it contains
one double bond, and polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double bond. Where double bonds are formed, hydrogen atoms are eliminated.
![Page 25: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Proteins (polypeptides) are made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds in a linear chain and folded into a globular form.
FUNCTIONS: Enzymes that speed up
biochemical reactions Provide structure and
support: Actin and myosin in muscle Cytoskeleton- maintains cell
shape. Components of skin, hair and
nails (keratin), ligaments, tendons
![Page 26: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
How do we build proteins?
Made up of many amino acids There are 20 different amino acids! Different order of amino acids produces a different
structure and function.
![Page 27: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Draw an amino acid!
![Page 28: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Bottom Line
All of these Macromolecules are synthesized (made) from simple precursors (building blocks):
Monosaccharides-> PolysacharideAmino acids-> ProteinFatty acids-> LipidsNucleotides-> Nucleic Acid
![Page 29: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Key points
Polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are all macromolecules that are necessary for life.
Polysaccharides are made up of monosaccharides
Proteins are made up of amino acids Lipids are made up of fatty acids Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides
![Page 30: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
HW: Read Ch. 2.3 and do the section review.
![Page 31: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
YOUR ASSIGNMENT:MACROMOLECULE MODEL AND VIDEO
Choose one of the macromolecules. Use a visual- drawing or something else. Create a short educational video (30
seconds) explaining the important aspects of your macromolecule. (see your worksheet)
![Page 32: Macromolecules: What cells are made of. CA BIOLOGY STANDARD: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d0a5503460f949dc771/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
HOMEWORK: Read 2-4 on Enzymes and answer the section review.