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Macromolecules
Standard Qualitative Tests
and
Testing Your Own Food
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Qualitative
•Detecting if a substance is present
•You don’t know how much
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SAFETY• IF A SOLID, cut into little pieces• Rinse razor blades under water,
do not wipe across the blade• Put used blades at the end of the
period in the “used beaker” on the cart
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Goggles and Apron
• Chemicals are caustic to your eyes
• Iodine stains
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When it asks for…
• Dropper Full• Just squeeze to fill dropper and release• Exact amounts are not important• 1 dropper full = 20-30 drops
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Pasteur Pipets
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NEVER EVER
• NEVER, hold a filled pipet upside down…or hold on its side…
You contaminate the bulb
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For 5mL and 10 mL
• ACID• SUCROSE
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Controls
• Positive Control• Absolutely expect
to see the result• Use the substance
(starch, glucose, etc.)
• Negative Control• Absolutely expect
to NOT see the result
• (may use water)
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Lab Objective:
•Describe the test that indicates the presence of most small sugars.
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Recording Benedict’s Results
• - blue no sugar• + blue/green trace• ++ green little sugar • +++ yellow some sugar• ++++ orange/red much sugar
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Benedict’s Sugar Test
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Lab Objectives:
• Describe the test that indicates the presence of starch.
• IODINE IS POISONOUS!!!
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Iodine Test
negative
positive
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Lab Objective:
• Define hydrolysis and give an example of the hydrolysis of carbohydrates.
• ANIMATION LINKS:Animation: Enzyme Action and the Hydrolysis of Sucrose
• Hydrolysing starch• WHFoods: How Does Digestion Work
and How Can I Improve Mine? (Animated graphics)
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Hydrolysis“break with water”to make monomers
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Lab Objective:
• Give examples of the formation/ breakdown of a:
• monosaccharide• disaccharide• polysaccharide
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Lab Objective:
•Name the monosaccharide components of sucrose and starch.
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Polysaccharide Disaccharide (sucrose)
Monosaccharide (glucose)
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Two Common Monosaccharides
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Simple Sugars
• Called monosaccharides• primary function = energy• Your SAMPLE will be
glucose
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Disaccharide
•Double Sugar•Combined simple sugars•YOUR SAMPLE WILL
BE SUCROSE
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Disaccharide
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Now Let’s Demonstrate how Digestion Might Work
• Click Here Howstuffworks "The Digestive System"
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Tube 1-blue (-) still sucrose, a disaccharide
Tube 2- heat broke bonds –so tested orange (+) for glucose
2 1
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Tube 3
• Negative for because it is starch (a polysaccharide)
STARCH
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Polysaccharides
• Shorter sugars link together to form complex sugars
• Your starch sample will be
POTATO STARCH
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glucose
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Tube 4
Starch Not heated – so it would be (+) for iodine, blue-black
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Tube 5
• Heated 5 minutes – added Benedicts• Starch may just start to break down, so just a little (+)
for glucose or (-) starch did not break down yet
here
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Tube 6• Heated 5
minutes added Iodine
• Brown – somewhat broken down – so just partially (+) for starch
Tube 6
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Tube 7• Heated 15 minutes• Added Benedicts (for a glucose test)
Starch is broken down to its monomers, glucose
Tube 7
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Tube 8
• Heated 15 minutes – Tested for starch
• Negative, because it is broken down to glucose TUBE 8
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Explain Benedict’s test on sucrose
• AT first sucrose is (-) with Benedicts because it is a disaccharide.
• After hydrolysis (heating and acid), the monosaccharide glucose is (+)
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Explain the iodine test with starch
• At first starch is (+) with iodine.
• After hydrolysis, the starch breaks down to glucose and tests (-) with iodine.
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Explain Benedicts with starch.
• At first starch would be (-) for it is not glucose, but is a polysaccharide.
• After hydrolysis, glucose is formed when the bonds break.
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Why does hydrolysis of starch take longer than of sucrose?
• Starch is a polysaccharide, more bonds to break.
• Sucrose is a disaccharide.
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Cellulose
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Dehydration Synthesistake out water to make
macromolecule
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Complex Carbohydrates
• Starch -storage in plants• Cellulose -fiber• Glycogen-storage in animals
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Testing for Fats and Proteins
• Read Lipids Intro p. 9 and answer the questions to the left (3)
• Read Proteins Intro p. 10 and answer the questions to the right (3)
• Mrs. Sheldon will demonstrate the Separation of Butter lab.
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Fat Test with Brown PaperTranslucent (light can go through)
= + fat test
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Protein Test with Biuret’s
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Describe the Protein Test
• Biuret’s is what color?• Blue• In the presence of a protein it will
turn what color?• purple
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Biurets turns purple in the presence of protein
Neg. Lots Slight
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Separation of Butter
• Clarification is removing lipid part (water insoluble) from non-lipid part (water-soluble).
• Why do it? Clarifying butter raises the smoke point from 250oF to 350oF.
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Emulsion
Oil droplets (micelles) are formed in water-soluble substances
Oil is non-water-soluble
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Heat breaks up the Emulsion-separates the butter
Ghee A common food fat in India, ghee is
produced from boiled buffalo milk. Its manufacture is similar to that of butter oil. It can be kept for months, or years, without refrigeration, and has a more intense flavor
than butter or butter oil.
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Clarified Butter (Ghee)separated into:
Protein foam on top skimmed off
Next layer = clarified butter
Bottom layer = milk solids - flavor
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BRING IN FOODS TO TEST
• We can grind, chop, dilute them to make them dissolve in water
• We will run all the tests on them
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While you Wait…
• Do exercises from the handouts:–Lipid Crossword–Exercise 6–Exercise 7–If you have trouble, use text CD