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MacromoleculesMacromolecules
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Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
• CompoundsCompounds that contain CARBONCARBON are called organicorganic.
• MacromoleculesMacromolecules are large organic moleculesorganic molecules.
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Carbon (C)Carbon (C)• CarbonCarbon has 4 electrons4 electrons in
outer shell.
• CarbonCarbon can form covalent covalent bondsbonds with as many as 4 4 other atoms (elements).
• Usually with C, H, O or NC, H, O or N.
• Example:Example: CHCH44(methane)(methane)copyright cmassengale 3
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MacromoleculesMacromolecules
• Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules.• Also called POLYMERSPOLYMERS.• Made up of smaller “building
blocks” called MONOMERSMONOMERS.• Examples:Examples:
1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids2. Lipids3. Proteins3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids (DNA and 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and
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Question:Question:How Are How Are
Macromolecules Macromolecules Formed?Formed?
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Question:Question: How are How are
Macromolecules Macromolecules separated or digested?separated or digested?
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
• Small sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules to large sugar moleculeslarge sugar molecules.
• Examples:Examples:A.A. monosaccharidemonosaccharideB.B. disaccharidedisaccharideC.C. polysaccharidepolysaccharide
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Monosaccharide: one sugar Monosaccharide: one sugar unitunit
Examples:Examples: glucose (glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribosedeoxyribose
riboseribose
FructoseFructose
GalactoseGalactose
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glucoseglucose
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Disaccharide: two sugar unitDisaccharide: two sugar unit
Examples: Examples: –Sucrose (glucose+fructose)Sucrose (glucose+fructose)– Lactose (glucose+galactose)Lactose (glucose+galactose)–Maltose (glucose+glucose)Maltose (glucose+glucose)
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glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolysaccharide: many sugar unitsPolysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples:Examples: starch (bread, starch (bread, potatoes)potatoes)
glycogen (beef glycogen (beef muscle)muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, cellulose (lettuce, corn)corn)
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glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
cellulosecellulose
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LipidsLipids
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LipidsLipids• General term for compounds which are
not soluble in waternot soluble in water.• Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic are soluble in hydrophobic
solventssolvents.• Remember:Remember: “stores the most energy”“stores the most energy”• Examples:Examples: 1. Fats1. Fats
2. Phospholipids2. Phospholipids3. Oils3. Oils4. Waxes4. Waxes5. Steroid hormones5. Steroid hormones6. Triglycerides6. Triglycerides
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LipidsLipidsSix functions of lipids:Six functions of lipids:
1.1. Long term Long term energy storageenergy storage2.2. Protection against heat loss Protection against heat loss (insulation)(insulation)3.3. Protection against physical shockProtection against physical shock4.4. Protection against water lossProtection against water loss5.5. Chemical messengers (hormones)Chemical messengers (hormones)6.6. Major component of membranes Major component of membranes
(phospholipids)(phospholipids)
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LipidsLipids
Triglycerides:Triglycerides:ccomposed of 1 glycerol1 glycerol and 3 3 fatty acidsfatty acids.
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H
H-C----O
H-C----O
H-C----O
H
glycerol
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
fatty acids
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2 -CH
2 -CH2 -CH
2 -CH3
=
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Fatty AcidsFatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acidsfatty acids you may see these on
food labels:1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) no double bonds (bad)
2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) double bonds (good)
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O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
saturatedsaturated
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2 -CH
2 -CH2 -CH
2 -CH3
=
unsaturated
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ProteinsProteins
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Proteins (Polypeptides)Proteins (Polypeptides)• Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa)
bonded together by peptide bondspeptide bonds (polypeptidespolypeptides).
• Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins:1.1. Storage:Storage: albumin (egg white)albumin (egg white)2.2. Transport: Transport: hemoglobinhemoglobin3.3. Regulatory:Regulatory: hormoneshormones4.4. Movement:Movement: musclesmuscles5.5. Structural:Structural: membranes, hair, nailsmembranes, hair, nails6.6. Enzymes:Enzymes: cellular reactionscellular reactions
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Proteins (Polypeptides)Proteins (Polypeptides)
Four levels of protein Four levels of protein structure:structure:
A.A. Primary StructurePrimary Structure
B.B. Secondary Structure Secondary Structure
C.C. Tertiary Structure Tertiary Structure
D.D. Quaternary Structure Quaternary Structure
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Primary StructureAmino acids bonded
together by peptide peptide bonds (straight chains)bonds (straight chains)
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aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)
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Secondary StructureSecondary Structure• 3-dimensional folding
arrangement of a primary primary structurestructure into coilscoils and pleatspleats held together by hydrogen bondshydrogen bonds.
• Two examples:Two examples:
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Alpha HelixAlpha Helix
Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet
Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds
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Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure• Secondary structuresSecondary structures bentbent and
foldedfolded into a more complex 3-D more complex 3-D arrangementarrangement of linked polypeptides
• Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)bridges (S-S)
• Call a “subunit”.“subunit”.
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Alpha HelixAlpha Helix
Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet
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Quaternary StructureQuaternary Structure• Composed of 2 or more
“subunits”• Globular in shape• Form in Aqueous environments• Example: enzymes (hemoglobin)enzymes (hemoglobin)
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subunitssubunits
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Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Two types:Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-(DNA- double helix) double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) strand)
• Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotidesnucleotides linked by dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis.
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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include:
phosphate groupphosphate grouppentose sugar (5-carbon)pentose sugar (5-carbon)nitrogenous bases:nitrogenous bases:
adenine (A)adenine (A)thymine (T) DNA thymine (T) DNA
onlyonlyuracil (U) RNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlycytosine (C)cytosine (C)guanine (G)guanine (G)
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NucleotideNucleotide
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OO=P-O O
PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup
NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)(A, G, C, or T)
CH2
O
C1C4
C3 C2
5
SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)
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DNA - double helixDNA - double helix
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P
P
P
O
O
O
1
23
4
5
5
3
3
5
P
P
PO
O
O
1
2 3
4
5
5
3
5
3
G C
T A