Download - Macromolecule scramble intro
Macromolecule ScrambleF. Fats/lipids and steroids
Dragon fly book p.46 Eyeball book p. 98-99
For monomers: list molecules that come together to make macromolecule
P. Proteins Dragon fly book 47-48 Eyeball book 100-102
N. Nucleic acids Dragon fly book 47 Eyeball book 229-231
C. Carbohydrates Dragon fly book 45 Eyeball book 95-97
1) Definition2) Alternate names3) Monomer is______
A. diagram
4) Polymer is _______A. diagram
5) Reaction that produces macromolecule
6) Bond that forms7) Different types and their
role8) Function at…
Cellular level Organism level
9) Important Factoids about molecule (should have at least 3 other important facts)
Monomer and diagram
Polymer and diagram
Common Names
Function
Link that forms between monomers
Role in the cell
Role in organism
Different types
3 or more important facts
Other relevant info
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
N/A
Lipids/fats
Steroids General structure
Copy Table Onto Your Paper (make it big with lots of Space)
Intro to Macro molecules
Macromolecules
CarbonThe element of LIFE!Found in all living organisms!
We are always looking for carbon based life formsOrganic molecules: molecules that contain carbon
C6H12O6, CO2, CH4
Some molecules are made of just CARBON and HYDROGEN…we call these HYDROCARBONSThese are important in FUEL (aka GASOLINE!!)Many organic molecules, such as fats, have hydrocarbon
componentsHydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amount of
energy
Inorganic molecules: molecules that do not contain carbonH2O, NH3, O2
LE 4-4
Hydrogen(valence = 1)
Oxygen(valence = 2)
Nitrogen(valence = 3)
Carbon(valence = 4)
Structure of CarbonStructure
Valence electrons: 4How many bonds can carbon make with
other atoms?4: single, double, or triple…as long as it has 4 lines
touching itThis makes carbon a versatile atom…it can
make long chains of carbons, branched carbon structures, even ring structures with itself
LE 4-5
LengthEthane Propane
Butane 2-methylpropane(commonly called isobutane)
Branching
Double bonds
Rings
1-Butene 2-Butene
Cyclohexane Benzene
Some important words to knowMolecule
Group of covalently bonded atomsMacromolecule
large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms
Functional GroupsGroup of atoms within a molecule that interact in
PREDICTABLE ways Polar, non-polar, acidic, basic, charged (+/-)
Hydroxyl groupCarbonyl groupCarboxyl groupAmino groupSulfhydryl groupPhosphate group
LE 4-10aa
STRUCTURE
(may be written HO—)
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
Alcohols (their specific namesusually end in -ol)
Ethanol, the alcohol present inalcoholic beverages
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Is polar as a result of theelectronegative oxygen atomdrawing electrons toward itself.
Attracts water molecules, helpingdissolve organic compounds suchas sugars (see Figure 5.3).
LE 4-10ac
STRUCTURE
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
Carboxylic acids, or organic acids
EXAMPLE
Has acidic properties because it isa source of hydrogen ions.
Acetic acid, which gives vinegarits sour taste
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
The covalent bond betweenoxygen and hydrogen is so polarthat hydrogen ions (H+) tend todissociate reversibly; for example,
Acetic acid Acetate ion
In cells, found in the ionic form,which is called a carboxylate group.
LE 4-10ba
STRUCTURE
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
Amine
EXAMPLE
Because it also has a carboxylgroup, glycine is both an amine anda carboxylic acid; compounds withboth groups are called amino acids.
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Acts as a base; can pick up aproton from the surroundingsolution:
(nonionized)
Ionized, with a charge of 1+,under cellular conditions
Glycine
(ionized)
LE 4-10bc
STRUCTURE
NAME OF COMPOUNDS
Organic phosphates
EXAMPLE
Glycerol phosphate
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Makes the molecule of which itis a part an anion (negativelycharged ion).
Can transfer energy between organic molecules.
What are macromolecules made of?• A polymer is a long molecule consisting of
many similar building blocks called monomers• Poly=many• Mono=one• Think of a beaded bracelet….• each bead is a MONOMER • The entire bracelet is a POLYMER
• Large variety of polymers but there are less than 50 monomers…kinda like the alphabet…lots of words, only 26 letters
• Three of the four classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers:CarbohydratesProteinsNucleic acids
***Lipids/fats are not polymers but they are still macromolecules
Making and Breaking PolymersPolymerization: making polymers
Dehydration ReactionDehydrate means water lossWhen a water molecule (H-OH) is released to join a
monomer to another monomer
HydrolysisHydro- waterLysis- to break downDef: to break apart or disassemble a polymer
by adding water (H-OH)
LE 5-2
Short polymer Unlinked monomer
Dehydration removes a watermolecule, forming a new bond
Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
Longer polymer
Hydrolysis adds a watermolecule, breaking a bond
Hydrolysis of a polymer
Carbohydrates Monomer: Monosaccharide Polymer: Disaccharide or Polysaccharide Link between monomers is called:
Glycosidic Linkage Formed by a dehydration reaction
Always have Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygens CxH2xOx
Common name: sugar End with suffix “-ose”
Function: Energy/fuel, structure, storage GLUCOSE!!!!
What all cells need for energy
Carbs continued
Monosaccharides Glucose fructose
Disaccharides sucrose
Polysaccharides Starch
In plant cells; chain of glucose molecules coiled up like a phone cord Glycogen
Excess sugar in animal cells is stored in this form; highly branched and more complex chain of glucose monomers
Stored in muscle and liver cells When body needs energy, glycogen is broken down into glucose
Cellulose Found in plant cell walls; made of glucose monomer; building material; aka FIBER; humans do NOT have the enzyme to break this polysaccharide down
Passes through digestive tract and keeps it healthy but NOT a nutrient Some animals (cows) have microorganisms that live in their digestive tract that help break down
cellulose
Carbs are hydrophilic because of hydroxl group (-OH) Dissolve in water making sugary solutions Large carbs (starches and cellulose) do not dissolve
Think about your towels and clothes, duh!
Proteins Monomer: amino acids
20 amino acids Amine (NH2) and carboxyl (COOH) groups attached to carbon Only thing different is side chain…R-group
Polymer: polypeptide chains (proteins) Link between monomers is called: polypeptide bond
Made by a dehydration reaction (between amine group of one aa and carboxyl group of another
aa) STRUCTURE of A.A.
Amino group on one end (-NH2) Carboxyl group on one end (COOH) Hydrogen R-group/side chain (changes)
Function of Proteins: structural support Storage Transport cellular communications Movement defense against foreign substances
Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells
Protein Structure Primary structure 1’
Order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain Secondary structure 2’
Polypeptide chain folds because of interactions between amino acids
HYDROGEN BONDING Tertiary Structure 3’
Gives proteins 3-D shape VERY IMPORTANT to function of protein
Beta pleated sheets and alpha helices fold based on interactions between R-groups of a.a.
Hydrogen bonds, polar/non-polar interactions, acid/base interactions, disulfide bonds, van der Waals forces
Quaternary Structure 4’ the association of the polypeptide chains some proteins contain more than one
polypeptide chain Each polypeptide chain in the protein is called a
subunit Two or more subunits come together for a
specific function HEMOGLOBIN
On Red blood cells Its shape allows RBCs to carry oxygen all around your body!
DenaturationUnraveling/unfolding of proteinWhy would this be a problem?When protein loses its 3-D shape and thus its
specific functionCaused by:
Unfavorable changes in pH, temperature or other environmental condition
Disrupts the interactions between side chains and causes loss of shape
Examples:Frying an eggStraightening your hair
Classification of Proteins According to biological function.
Type: Example:
Enzymes- Catalyze biological reactions
ß-galactosidase
Transport and Storage Hemoglobin
MovementActin
And Myosin in muscles
Immune ProtectionImmunoglobulins
(antibodies)
Regulatory Function within cells Transeription Factors
HormonesInsulin
Estrogen
Structural Collagen
Fats/Lipids
Made of mostly carbon and hydrogen…some oxygen
Usually not soluble in water
Not a polymer but is made of molecular units
Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids= FAT
Linkage is called ESTER linkageDehydration reaction
FunctionEnergy storageInsulationwaterproofing
Types of FatsSaturated
Solid at room temperatureAnimal fatsAll the carbons in the fatty acid
chains contain the MAXIMUM # of hydrogen atoms around each atom
SATURATED with hydrogenOnly single bonds in fatty acid chain
Unsaturated/polyunsaturated fatsLiquid at room temperaturePlant oils, fish oilsOne or more double bonded carbon
atoms in fatty acid chain, then it is unsaturated
Phospholipids
Steroids Chemical messengers Structure
4 fused carbon rings Ex. Cholesterol, testosterone, estradiol Function
structural component of mammalian cell membranes
resilience and fluidity of human membranes
mobilized for the synthesis of steroid hormones
protecting the human skin against external irritants and for holding water content Improvement of water balance in human skin Enhanced barrier function for stratum Inhibition of aging of skin Water retention for hair
Nucleic Acids Monomer: Nucleotide
Structure of a Nucleotide Made of a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose or
deoxyribose), and nitrogenous base
Polymer: Chain of nucleotides (nucleic acids) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Function DNA
genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms Instructions to make RNA and proteins
long-term storage of information NITROGENOUS BASES:
Pyrimidines: cytosine and thymine Purines: guanine and adenine A binds to T and G binds to C in the polymer DNA
RNA messenger between DNA and the protein synthesis
complexes known as ribosomes essential carrier molecule for amino acids to be used
in protein synthesis Three types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA NITROGENOUS BASES:
Pyrimidines: cytosine and uracil Purines: guanine and adenine A binds to U and G binds to C in the polymer RNA
Gizmo: Identifying Nutrients Title: Lab #2 Identifying Nutrients Purpose: Background:
Summary of Macromolecules Vocabulary (from exploration guide) Prior Knowledge Questions 1 and 2
Gizmo Warm Up Answers to 1 and 2 (compete sentence answers)
Gizmo Activity A Answer questions 1-6, COMPLETE SENTENCE ANSWERS
Example: #1 Sample A does contain monosaccharides because when the Benedict test was utilized, there was a pink color change, which is an indication of monosaccharides.
Gizmo Activity B (Results and Data) Copy Table 1 into Lab notebook Complete Table 1 (label) Answer Question 2 parts A, B, and C in complete sentences Answer question 3 (Conclusion of activity B) Complete sentences Copy Table 4 into lab notebook Complete Table 2 (label)
Conclusion Summarize the what nutrients are and why they are important as well as the tests
and procedures you used Answer questions 5 and 6
MACROMOLECULE AssessmentChoose One of the Following To Complete
Must Include:Each of the MacromoleculesTheir StructureTheir FunctionMonomers and PolymersDiagramBe Neat AND Creative
Macromolecule Comic CardsMacromolecule Song/RapMacromolecule Children’s bookMacromolecule PoemMacromolecule Advertisement/Billboard/Pamphlet