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Macromolecule Review
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Functional Groups
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Name the functional group:
-OH
hydroxyl
-COOH
carboxyl
-NH2
amino
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Name the functional group:
-C=O
carbonyl
-SH
sulfhydryl
-PO4
phosphate
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Identify the functional groups:
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carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl
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Identify the functional groups:
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carbonyl
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Identify the functional groups:
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phosphate, hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl
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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrate Review
What is the name of the reaction when when 2 monosaccharides attach to form a disaccharide?
• dehydration synthesis or condensation
What is the name of the bond formed?
• glycosidic bond/linkage
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Carbohydrate Review
Name 2 polysaccharides that are used as energy storage.
• starch and glycogen
Name 2 polysaccharides that are used for structural support.
• cellulose and chitin
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What is this?
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monosaccharide
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What is this?
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polysaccharide (it continues…)
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What is this?
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disaccharide (sucrose)
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What is this?
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monosaccharide
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Lipids
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Lipids Review
What is the most common type of lipid?• triglycerides (fats)
What are the other types of lipids?• phospholipids, waxes, steroids
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Lipids Review
What are the chemical components of a triglyceride?
• glycerol + 3 fatty acids
What is the name of the bond that links these components together?
• an ester linkage
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Lipids Review
What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid?
• saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms; have the maximum number of H atoms attached (are fully “saturated” with H atoms)
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Lipids Review
Which type of fat is usually solid at room temperature?
• saturated fats
How do you make an unsaturated fat solid at room temperature?
• hydrogenation
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What is this?
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steroid/sterol (cholesterol)
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What are these?
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fatty acids (saturated & unsaturated)
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What is this?
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glycerol
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What is this?
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phospholipid
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What is this?
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triglyceride
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Proteins
• What is the basic unit of a protein?
• amino acid
• What is the name of the bond formed between 2 amino acids in a protein?
• peptide bond
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Proteins
• How many amino acids are there in total? How many are “essential”?
• 20 (8 are essential)
• What are some of the functions of proteins?
• structural support, messengers, transport of materials, enzymes, etc…
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Proteins
• What is the “primary” structure of a protein?
• its sequence of amino acids
• At what level of protein organization are ß-pleated sheets and the alpha-helix?
• secondary structure
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What is this?
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a polypeptide
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What is this?
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an amino acid
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Nucleic Acids
• Name the pyrimidine bases. Describe their structure.
• cytosine, thymine, uracil• single ring structure
• Name the purine bases. Describe their structure
• adenine, guanine • double ring
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Nucleic Acids
• What type of bond links complementary bases?
• H bond
• What type of bond links consecutive nucleotides in a nucleic acid?
• phosphodiester bond
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What are the differences?
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• RNA single-stranded, has uracil (not thymine), has ribose (not deoxyribose), involved in protein synthesis but only the hereditary material of some viruses
• DNA double-stranded, has thymine, has deoxyribose, hereditary material, involved in protein synthesis
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What is this?
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(deoxyribo)nucleotide
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Testing for Macromolecules
• What tests/reagents are used to test for starch, lipids (2 tests), monosaccharides, and proteins?
• Lugols (iodine), translucence test, Sudan IV, Benedict’s reagent, Biuret reagent