Macedonia Under Philip II
Macedonia Under Philip II
Threat of MacedoniaThreat of Macedonia• Phillip II – 359 B.C.
Unites all of Greece under Macedonia
Created a true monarchy
Brilliant military strategist
• Battle of Chaeronea
Macedonia defeats the Greeks
Uses phalanx formations & then cavalry to crush opponents
Alexander leads a cavalry charge at 18
• Plan was to unite Greeks to go against Persians
• Phillip II was assassinated
At his daughters wedding in 336 B.C.
Son, Alexander take the throne
Death of Phillip II of Macedonia
Death of Phillip II of Macedonia
Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great• 20 years old when he took the throne
Motivated by a desire & empire
Tutored by Aristotle
Desire to avenge Persian burning of Athens
• Alexander’s Conquests
334 B.C. defeated the Persian Army
30,000 infantry – 5,000 cavalry
hit Persians quickly and used phalanx formation
freed Greek city-states in Asia Minor
332 B.C. defeated Syria, Palestine, and Egypt
Alexandria became the Greek capital of Egypt
Turned toward Pakistan and India
soldiers refused and went home
323 B.C. returned to Babylon
died at age 32 from wounds, fever and alcohol
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great in Persia
Alexander the Great in Persia
Legacy of AlexanderLegacy of Alexander• Great Military leader
Motivated by desire
Created largest empire ancient world had known
willing to risk his own life
Sought to imitate Achilles
kept a copy of the Illiad under his pillow
Extended Greek rule over a vast area
brought much wealth to Greece & Macedonia
New culture emerges from blend of Greek and Eastern customs
Alexander adopted Persian dress and married a Persian woman
Alexander the Great’s Empire
Alexander the Great’s Empire
The Hellenistic Kingdoms
The Hellenistic Kingdoms• Hellenistic Culture
Blend of Greek culture w/ Egyptian, Persian and Indian influence
• Rulers encouraged massive spread of Greek colonies
Southwest Asia
modern Afghanistan and India
• Architecture and Sculpture
Built throughout the empire
moved away from earlier classicism to realistic art
The Hellenization of Asia
The Hellenization of Asia
Pergamum: A Hellenistic CityPergamum: A Hellenistic City
Greatest Accomplishment of Greatest Accomplishment of the Hellenistic Age the Hellenistic Age
• Alexander the Great saved Greek Culture Alexander the Great saved Greek Culture and spread their ideas to every new place and spread their ideas to every new place he conquered.he conquered.
• The new culture that emerged was called The new culture that emerged was called “Hellenistic” culture, which means “Greek-“Hellenistic” culture, which means “Greek-like”. like”.
• All of the following are the legacies of this All of the following are the legacies of this Hellenistic age….Hellenistic age….
Science & TechnologyScience & Technology• Alexander preserved Greek and
Egyptian learning
Observatory: study planets and stars
• Ptolemy
Friend to Alexander – satrap of Egypt
Last renowned astronomer
said Earth was center of universe
• Eratosthenes
Said Earth was round – 28,000-29,000 miles (within 185 m.)
was an astronomer as well as poet
Mathematics & PhysicsMathematics & Physics• Euclid
Mathematician taught in Alexandria
Elements: best known book
still used as basis for geometry
• Archimedes
Most famous scientist
geometry of spheres and cylinders
mathematical constant pi
created device that raised water
from the ground
created pulley to lift heavy object
Archimedes Moving the WorldArchimedes Moving the World
The Economy of the Hellenistic World
The Economy of the Hellenistic World
Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic
Philosophers• Athens chief center of philosophy
New system of Epicureanism and Stoicism
• Epicureanism: self interest
avoid pain & seek pleasure.
Gods had no interest in humans
politics should be avoided.
soul dies with body, should not fear death
EpicurusEpicurus““Pleasure is our first and kindred good. It is the starting-Pleasure is our first and kindred good. It is the starting-
point of every choicepoint of every choice …” …”
Zeno - StoicismZeno - Stoicism
Realism in SculptureRealism in Sculpture• Hellenistic Art
More realistic; less ideal than Greek art
Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!
Moved away from appreciation of human body
Female nudes become popular
• Colossus of Rhodes
100 ft. high – one of 7 wonders of the Ancient World
Hellenistic Art
Hellenistic Art
The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire
The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire
7 Wonders of the World7 Wonders of the WorldTourist attractions of the Tourist attractions of the
Hellenistic WorldHellenistic World
1. Pyramids of Khufu1. Pyramids of Khufu26th century BC26th century BC
2. Hanging Gardens of Babylon2. Hanging Gardens of Babylon6th century BC6th century BC
3. Temple of Artemis3. Temple of Artemis6th century BC6th century BC
4. Statue of Zeus4. Statue of Zeus5th century BC5th century BC
5. Mausoleum at Halicarnassus5. Mausoleum at Halicarnassus4th century BC4th century BC
6. Colossus of Rhodes6. Colossus of Rhodes3rd century BC3rd century BC
7. Lighthouse of Alexandria7. Lighthouse of Alexandria3rd century BC3rd century BC
The Temple of ArtemisThe Temple of Artemis • City of Ephesus - Western City of Ephesus - Western
TurkeyTurkey• First shrine to First shrine to Goddess Goddess
ArtemisArtemis built around 800 B.C. built around 800 B.C. • Goddess of fertility Goddess of fertility • First temple burnt in 356 BC - First temple burnt in 356 BC -
Herostratus Herostratus • New temple - 425 ft long & 225 New temple - 425 ft long & 225
ft wide - 127 columnsft wide - 127 columns– Parthenon 230 ft long, 100 ft Parthenon 230 ft long, 100 ft
wide & 58 columnswide & 58 columns • Major tourist attraction Major tourist attraction
– Souvenirs & religious items Souvenirs & religious items including miniature including miniature statues of Artemis statues of Artemis
• Destroyed by Goths in 262 A.DDestroyed by Goths in 262 A.D• Few remains todayFew remains today
– Marble salvaged for local Marble salvaged for local building needs building needs
Hanging Gardens Of Babylon - IraqHanging Gardens Of Babylon - Iraq
• Garden built by Garden built by King King NebuchadnezzarNebuchadnezzar, who , who ruled the city for 43 years ruled the city for 43 years starting in 605 BCstarting in 605 BC
• Strabo described them as Strabo described them as groups of vaulted terraces groups of vaulted terraces raised one above another raised one above another
• Built to cheer up Built to cheer up Nebuchadnezzar'sNebuchadnezzar's homesick wife, homesick wife, AmyitisAmyitis from Medesfrom Medes– Land she came from Land she came from
was green, rugged and was green, rugged and mountainous, and she mountainous, and she found the flat, sun-found the flat, sun-baked terrain of baked terrain of Mesopotamia Mesopotamia depressing. depressing.
The Mausoleum at HalicarnassusThe Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
Western TurkeyWestern Turkey
Mausolus, with his queen Mausolus, with his queen Artemisia (also sister), Artemisia (also sister), ruled over Halicarnassus ruled over Halicarnassus & the surrounding & the surrounding territory for 24 yearsterritory for 24 years
In 353 B.C. In 353 B.C. MausolusMausolus died died
Artemisia, heartbroken, Artemisia, heartbroken, decided to build the decided to build the world’s most splendid world’s most splendid tombtomb
Stood above the city ruins Stood above the city ruins for some 17 centuries for some 17 centuries until destroyed by an until destroyed by an earthquake in 1404 ADearthquake in 1404 AD
The Great Pharos LighthouseThe Great Pharos Lighthouse Alexandria, Egypt founded by Alexandria, Egypt founded by
Alexander in 332 BCAlexander in 332 BCUnder Ptolemys the city Under Ptolemys the city
became rich and became rich and prosperousprosperous
City needed both a symbol & a City needed both a symbol & a mechanism to guide the mechanism to guide the many trade ships into the many trade ships into the busy harborbusy harbor
Built on the island of Pharos Built on the island of Pharos Building of the Pharos started Building of the Pharos started
in 290 B.Cin 290 B.C Took 20 years to completeTook 20 years to completeBecame tallest building in Became tallest building in
existence, with the existence, with the exception of the Great exception of the Great PyramidPyramid
Became big tourist attractionBecame big tourist attractionDamaged by earthquakesDamaged by earthquakesFinally collapsed in 1306 ADFinally collapsed in 1306 AD
The Great Pyramids of The Great Pyramids of GizaGiza Pharaoh Khufu 2400 Pharaoh Khufu 2400
BCBC• Only remaining Only remaining
wonderwonder• 756 feet long & 450 756 feet long & 450
high high • Tallest man-made Tallest man-made
structure for over structure for over 4400 years until 4400 years until 1889 - Eiffel Tower1889 - Eiffel Tower
• Composed of Composed of 2,300,000 blocks of 2,300,000 blocks of stonestone
• Originally covered by Originally covered by a beautiful smooth a beautiful smooth limestone surfacing limestone surfacing
• Khufu’s tomb and Khufu’s tomb and treasure has never treasure has never been foundbeen found
The Colossus of The Colossus of RhodesRhodes
• Island of Island of RhodesRhodes was an was an important economic important economic centercenter
• Southwestern tip of Asia Southwestern tip of Asia Minor Minor
• Held off a siege of city Held off a siege of city for over a yearfor over a year
• Celebrated the victory by Celebrated the victory by building huge statuebuilding huge statue
• Melted metal from war Melted metal from war machines left behindmachines left behind
• Construction took 12 Construction took 12 yearsyears
• 110 ft high and stood 110 ft high and stood upon a 50 foot pedestal upon a 50 foot pedestal near the harbor near the harbor
• Destroyed by earthquake Destroyed by earthquake after 56 yearsafter 56 years
Statue of ZeusStatue of Zeus
• Temple of Zeus at Temple of Zeus at Olympia – Olympia – constructed 470 to constructed 470 to 460 B.C.460 B.C.
• Similar toSimilar to ParthenonParthenon in in designdesign
• Needed a Needed a magnificent statue magnificent statue of of ZeusZeus– 50 feet high 50 feet high
• Phidias – sculptorPhidias – sculptor– Statue of Athena Statue of Athena
in the Parthenonin the Parthenon