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MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROLBy Dr. Nawaporn Wisitpongphan
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INTRODUCTION TO THE RANDOM TOPIC IN COMPUTER NETWORKS: The Alphabet Soup
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ALPHABET SOUP?Protocol’s Naming
Conference’s Naming
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CATCHY NAME
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PAPER GENERATOR BY MIT STUDENTShttp://pdos.csail.mit.edu/scigen
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MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL
Ethernet and Wi-Fi are both “multi-access” technologies Broadcast medium, shared by many hosts Simultaneous transmissions will result in
collisions Media Access Control (MAC) protocol required
Rules on how to share medium
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MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL PROTOCOLS Channel partitioning
Divide channel into smaller “pieces” (e.g., time slots, frequency)
Allocate a piece to node for exclusive use E.g. Time-Division-Multi-Access (TDMA) cellular network
Taking-turns Tightly coordinate shared access to avoid collisions E.g. Token ring network
Contention Allow collisions “recover” from collisions E.g. Ethernet, Wi-Fi
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TYPES OF MUX
MultiplexingMultiplexing
AnalogueAnalogue DigitalDigital
WDMWDM(Wavelength)(Wavelength)
TDMTDM(Time)(Time)
CDMCDM(Code)(Code)
FDMFDM(Frequency)(Frequency)
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM) Synchronous TDM Data rate of medium exceeds data rate of
digital signal to be transmitted Multiple digital signals interleaved in time Time slots pre-assigned to sources and fixed Time slots allocated even if no data
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM)
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM)
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FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (FDM) Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds
required bandwidth of channel Each signal is modulated to a different carrier
frequency Carrier frequencies separated so signals do
not overlap (guard bands) e.g. broadcast radio Channel allocated even if no data
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FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (FDM)
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WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (WDM) FDM with multiple beams of light at different
frequency
FDM - typically apply to a Radio Carrier
WDM - commonly apply to an Optical Carrier
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CODE DIVISION MULTIPLEX (CDM) - Spread spectrum communication technique Each channel allocated an individual code wit
hin same path • Transmitted signal has much wider bandwidth
than information signal Applications in mobile radio systems, wireless
- LANs, and high speed optical fibre communication systems
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CONTENTION MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL GOALS
Shared mediumIf two users send at the same time, collision
results in no packet being received (interference)
If no users send, channel goes idleThus, want to have only one user send at a time
Want high network utilizationTDMA doesn’t give high utilization
Want simple distributed algorithmno fancy token-passing schemes that avoid
collisions
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EVOLUTION OF CONTENTION PROTOCOLS
Developed in the 1970s for a packet radio network
Aloha
SlottedAloha
Improvement: Start transmission only at fixed times (slots)
CSMA
CSMA = Carrier Sense Multiple AccessImprovement: Start transmission only if no transmission is ongoing
CD = Collision DetectionImprovement: Stop ongoing transmission if a collision is detected (e.g. Ethernet)
CSMA/CD
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(PURE) ALOHA
Topology: Broadcast medium with multiple stations
Aloha Protocol: Whenever a station has data, it transmits
immediately
Receivers ACK all packets
No ACK = collision. Wait a random time and retransmit
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What’s wrong
with this?
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SIMPLE, BUT RADICAL
Previous attempts all partitioned channelTDMA, FDMA, etc.
Aloha optimized the common case (few senders) and dealt with collisions through retries
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TRADE-OFF COMPARED TO TDMA
In TDMA, you always have to wait your turndelay proportional to number of sites
In Aloha, can send immediately
Aloha gives much lower delays, at the price of lower utilization (as we will see)
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COLLISIONS IN (PURE) ALOHA
1.1 1.2
TransmissionTime
(F)
Station 1
2.1Station 2
3.1 3.2Station 3
Broadcastchannel
2.2
1.3
CompleteCollision
PartialCollision
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PERFORMANCE OF ALOHA
Maximum throughput of approx. 18% of the capacity Can do better with Improved control
However, ALOHA is still used for its simplicity EX: Cell phone call establishment 24
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.50
0.18
0.36
0.54
R
Thr
ough
put
(Pur
e A
LOH
A)
Ideal (no collisions):R
Pure ALOHA: Re-2R
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SLOTTED ALOHA (S-ALOHA)
The Slotted Aloha Protocol Slotted Aloha - Aloha with an additional constraint
Time is divided into discrete time intervals (=slot)
A station can transmit only at the beginning of a frame
As a consequence: Frames either collide completely or do not collide at all
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COLLISIONS IN S-ALOHA
1.1 1.2
TransmissionDelay
Station 1
2.1Station 2
3.1 3.2
Station 3
Broadcastchannel
2.2
1.3
CompleteCollision
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COMPARISON OF ALOHA AND S-ALOHA
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
R
Thr
ough
put
(ALO
HA
)
Slotted ALOHA: Re-R
Pure ALOHA: Re-2R
Ideal (no collisions): R
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802.3 ETHERNET
Broadcast technology
Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD).
MA = multiple access CS = carrier sense CD = collision detection
Base Ethernet standard is 10 Mbps. Original design was ~2 Mbps 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps
host host host host
host host host host
Hub
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CSMA/CD ALGORITHM Sense for carrier.
If carrier present, wait until carrier ends. Sending would force a collision and waste time
Send packet and sense for collision.
If no collision detected, consider packet delivered.
Otherwise, abort immediately, perform “exponential back off” and send packet again.
Start to send at a random time picked from an interval Length of the interval increases with every
retransmission
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CSMA/CD: SOME DETAILS
When a sender detects a collision, it sends a “jam signal”.
Make sure that all nodes are aware of the collision
Length of the jam signal 48 bits
Exponential backoff operates in multiples of 512 bit time.
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CSMA COLLISIONSCollisions can occur:propagation delay means two nodes may not hear each other’s transmissionCollision:entire packet transmission time wasted
spatial layout of nodes along ethernet
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CSMA/CD (COLLISION DETECTION)
Collisions detected within short time
Colliding transmissions aborted, reducing channel wastage
Easy in wired LANs: measure signal strengths, compare transmitted, received signals
Difficult in wireless LANs
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CSMA/CD COLLISION DETECTION
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MINIMUM PACKET SIZE
Why put a minimum packet size? Give a host enough time to detect collisions In Ethernet, minimum packet size = 64 bytes
(two 6-byte addresses, 2-byte type, 4-byte CRC, and 46 bytes of data)
If host has less than 46 bytes to send, the adaptor pads (adds) bytes to make it 46 bytes
What is the relationship between minimum packet size and the length of the LAN?
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MINIMUM PACKET SIZE (MORE)
propagation delay (d)a) Time = t; Host 1 starts to send frame
Host 1 Host 2
propagation delay (d)Host 1 Host 2
b) Time = t + d; Host 2 starts to send a frame just before it hears fromhost 1’s frame
propagation delay (d)Host 1 Host 2
c) Time = t + 2*d; Host 1 hears Host 2’s frame detects collision
LAN length = (min_frame_size)*(light_speed)/(2*bandwidth) = = (8*64b)*(2.5*108mps)/(2*107 bps) = 6400m approx
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EXPONENTIAL BACKOFF ALGORITHM Ethernet uses the exponential backoff
algorithms to determine when a station can retransmit after a collision
Algorithm:• Set “slot time” equal to 512bit time• After first collision wait 0 or 1 slot times• After i-th collision, wait a random number between 0 and 2i-1 time slots• Do not increase random number range, if i=10• Give up after 16 collisions
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Frame Frame Frame Frame
t0 Contention Slotst1
Contention interval Idle
CSMA/CD CONTENTION INTERVAL
Contention slots end in a collision Contention interval is a sequence of contention slots Length of a slot in contention interval is 512 bit time
time
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MIN PACKET SIZE & SLOT TIME
Min packet size is 512 bits Slot time is the transmission of 512 bits Coincident? If slot time is the transmission of 256 bits,
then two stations picking 0 and 1 slot to wait respectively can still collide
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ETHERNET FRAME STRUCTURE
Sending adapter encapsulates IP datagram
Preamble: 7 bytes with pattern 10101010 followed by one
byte with pattern 10101011Used to synchronize receiver, sender clock rates
(Length)
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ETHERNET FRAME STRUCTURE (MORE)
Addresses: 6 bytes, frame is received by all adapters on a LAN and dropped if address does not match
Type: 2 bytes, is actually a length field in 802.3 CRC: 4 bytes, checked at receiver, if error is detected,
the frame is simply dropped Data payload: maximum 1500 bytes, minimum 46
bytesIf data is less than 46 bytes, pad with zeros to 46
bytes
(Length)
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ETHERNET TECHNOLOGIES: 10BASE2
10: 10Mbps; 2: under 200 meters max cable length Thin coaxial cable in a bus topology
Repeaters used to connect up to multiple segments Repeater repeats bits it hears on one interface to its other
interfaces: physical layer device only!
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10BASET AND 100BASET 10/100 Mbps rate; latter called “fast ethernet” T stands for Twisted Pair Hub to which nodes are connected by twisted pair,
thus “star topology”
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10BASET AND 100BASET (MORE) Max distance from node to Hub is 100 meters Hub can gather monitoring information, statistics for
display to LAN administrators
Hubs still preserve one collision domain Every packet is forwarded to all hosts
Use bridges to address this problem Bridges forward a packet only to the destination leading
to the destination Next lecture
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GBIT ETHERNET
Use standard Ethernet frame format Allows for point-to-point links and shared broadcast
channels In shared mode, CSMA/CD is used; short distances
between nodes to be efficient Full-Duplex at 1 Gbps for point-to-point links
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802.3 ETHERNET VS 802.11 WI-FI
Ethernet: one shared “collision” domain
802.11: radios have small range compared to overall system: collisions are local
collisions are at receiver, not sendercarrier-sense plays different role
CSMA/CA not CSMA/CDcollision avoidance, not collision detection
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COLLISION AVOIDANCE: THE PROBLEMS
Reachability is not transitive: if A can reach B, and B can reach C, it doesn’t necessary mean that A can reach C
Hidden nodes: A and C send a packet to B; neither A nor C will detect the collision!
Exposed node: B sends a packet to A; C hears this and decides not to send a packet to D (despite the fact that this will not cause interference)!
A B C D
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MULTIPLE ACCESS WITH COLLISION AVOIDANCE (MACA)
Before every data transmission Sender sends a Request to Send (RTS) frame containing
the length of the transmissionReceiver respond with a Clear to Send (CTS) frameSender sends dataReceiver sends an ACK; now another sender can send data
When sender doesn’t get a CTS back, it assumes collision
sender receiverother node in sender’s range
RTSCTS
ACK
data
other node in receiver’s range
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OTHER NODES
When you hear a CTS, you keep quiet until scheduled transmission is over (hear ACK)
If you hear RTS, but not CTS, you can sendinterfering at source but not at receiver is okcan cause problems when a CTS is interfered
with sender receiverother node in sender’s range
RTSCTS
ACK
data
other node in receiver’s range
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HOMEWORK:DUE DATE: JULY 15 AT THE BEGINNING OF CLASS
1. Ariel wants to send a file of size 3 MB to Bill. Let the data rate be 1 Mbps and the ACK packet is of size 100 bits. The two computers are 50 meters apart assuming a light speed propagation. Find the total delay in sending the file if:
a) Ariel uses stop & wait with packet size equals to 500 Byte
b) Ariel uses stop & wait with packet size equals to 1500 Byte
c) Which method should Ariel choose? a) or b). Why?
d) Recalculate the total delay in a) and b) if Ariel uses sliding window with window size = 5.