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Lower Extremity Injuries The History
• How, When and Where ?
• Swelling?
• Ability to Ambulate?
• Did you hear or feel a Pop?
• Did you Relocate an Injured part?
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Lower Extremity InjuriesThe Physical Examination
• Have the patient demonstrate the
area of maximal tenderness
• Use one finger to localize
tenderness
• Is the tenderness located over the
bone or the soft tissues?
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Knee Anatomy
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Injury Terms:
Sprain vs Strain
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Sprains
Severity:
• Grade I - min. structural disruption
• Grade II - partial disruption
• Grade III - complete disruption
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Physeal Fracture Patterns
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Knee Ligaments in Children
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Knee Ligaments in Children
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Knee Examination
• Always examine the hip
when examining the knee
• Obligatory External
Rotation with Hip Flexion
is an important sign of
potential hip pathology
• Hip pain is often referred
to the anterior thigh or
knee
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Slipped Capital
Femoral Epiphysis
• Obligatory
External
Rotation with
Hip Flexion
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Physical Exam
• Deformity
• Swelling
• Tenderness
• Mobility
• Stability
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Physical Exam
• Lachman Test for
ACL and PCL
• Anterior and
Posterior Drawer
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MRI
• Menisci
• Ligaments
• Tumor
Torn ACl
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Physical Exam
• Assess Medial and Lateral Stability
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Physical Exam
• Palpate the Joint Lines for Tenderness --Meniscal Pathology
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Meniscal Tears
• Rarely Before 12
• Occasionally Isolated
• Unusual to be Minor Trauma
• Consider Discoid
• Often Hemarthrosis
• May be Repairable!
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Torn Lateral Meniscus
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Physical Exam
• Patellar Apprehension
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Radiographs: Merchant view
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Patellar Dislocation
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Patellofemoral Articulation
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Patellofemoral Articulation
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Patellofemoral Articulation
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Patellofemoral Articulation
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Physical Exam:
StabilityAnkle Sprains
Common Injury
Patterns
• Anterior Talo-fib
• Calc- fib
• Posterior talo-fib
• Deltoid
• Anterior tib-fib / Interosseus
• Maisonneuve
Ankle Sprains
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Foot and Ankle AnatomyFoot and Ankle Anatomy
Foot and Ankle
Ankle Ligament AnatomyAnkle Ligament Anatomy
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Ankle Sprains
• Extremely Common
• Frequency in Basketball: 70%
• Severe Grade: 32%
• Recurrence: 80%
• Rehab / Prevention
Hamstring Strains
–Grade
s
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Strain vs. Avulsion Fracture
–Rehab
–Educatio
n
»»Site of InjurySite of Injury
Quadriceps
Contusion–Bruise–Grades–ROM–Return–Re-bleed–H.O.
Thigh Injuries
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Pelvic Avulsion
Fractures
Physeal Fracture of the
Fibula
• Sprain vs fracture
• Weak link in the chain
• Clinical diagnosis !
• Radiographic
“confirmation”
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Physeal Injury
• Mild to moderate swelling
• Minimal or no ecchymosis
• Refusal to weightbear
• Tenderness directly over physis
• Treatment
Immobilize, NonImmobilize, Non--weightbearingweightbearingIce, ElevateIce, Elevate
Referral 24Referral 24--7272°°
AnkleInjuries
Tillaux Fracture
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Fifth Metatarsal Fracture
• Usually forced inversion injury
• Minimal findings but patient almost
always refuses to weightbear on
affected bone
• Jones vs Styloid
Lisfranc Injury
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Lisfranc Lisfranc
InjuryInjury
uu Mechanisms:Mechanisms:
»» longitudinallongitudinal
»» twisttwist
»» bend bend
uu Treatment:Treatment:
»» Identify or suspect Identify or suspect
!!
»» Splint, Ice, Splint, Ice,
Elevate, Elevate,
»» Early referral to Early referral to
»» Ortho for ORIFOrtho for ORIF
Forefoot InjuriesForefoot Injuries