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Los Angeles Society of
Pathologist Resident and
Fellow Symposium
Case Presentation
Winnie Wu, PGY4
May 14, 2013
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Clinical History
50 year-old male with a history of recurrent pineal cavernous hemangioma, status post multiple resections (2005, 2007) as well as radiation (2004, 2007), presented in 2011 with new growth of a right parieto-occipital mass
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MRI:
Post-contrast
T1-weighted
Enlarging 17 mm well-circumscribed, solidly-enhancing nodule adjacent to R lateral ventricle
Separate 3 mm enhancing focus
T1 and T2 hypo- to iso-intense
Avid enhancement after contrast injection, suggesting high N:C ratio
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MRI:
T2-weighted
Moderate
perilesional
vasogenic edema
Mass effect on
ventricle
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Right Parieto-Occipital
Gross Total Resection
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Large Cells Negative For:
Pankeratin S100 Mart1 GFAP EMA CD45
CD3 CD20, PAX5 CD138 К/λ: no
restriction CD15 CD30 ALK CD56 EBV EBER
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CD68
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fascin
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CD4
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CD163
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CD163+, CD68+, CD4+, fascin+ profile & morphology strongly suggested a histiocytic disorder
However, the differential included monocytic disorders
Lysozyme, CD117, CD34, MPO negative: unlikely monoblastic/monocytic or myelomonocytic sarcoma
Within the histiocytic disorders, the following were ruled out:
– CD1a, Langerin negative: unlikely Langerhans
– CD21, CD35, CD23 negative: unlikely follicular dendritic cells
– S100 negative: unlikely Rosai-Dorfman, interdigitating dendritic cells
– No hemophagocytosis: unlikely hemophagocytic d/o
– No xanthomatous Touton giant cells: unlikely spectrum of xanthogranulomatous d/o
Work-Up
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overall Ki-67 labeling index was estimated at 15-20%
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Infectious Work-Up
GMS and AFB negative
Adenovirus, CMV, and HSV I&II
immunohistochemical stains negative
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46,Y,der(X)inv(X)(p11.2q24)t(X;18)(q24;q11.2)[7]
Abnormal clone (7/20) with pericentric inversion of chromosome X at
bands p11.2 and q24 & reciprocal translocation between chromosomes
Xq and 18q, which has not been reported as a consistent finding in solid
tumors
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ish der(X)t(X;18)((q24;q11.2)(SYT+)
No rearrangement of the SYT gene-specific locus seen by metaphase
FISH with an 18q11.2 break-apart probe, ruling out synovial sarcoma
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Final Diagnosis
Primary CNS histiocytic
sarcoma, presenting as a
post-radiation sarcoma
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Swerdlow et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues 2008. (p355)
The Confusing History of Histiocytic Tumors
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What Are Histiocytes?
Histiocytes are defined as:
Mononuclear cells derived from BM monocytes
High lysosomal content
Histiocytes include:
Macrophages: phagocytosis & antigen processing
Dendritic cells: non-phagocytic; antigen presentation & accessory support
Langerhans dendritic cells
Dermal dendritic cells
Interdigitating dendritic cells
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
Follicular dendritic cells
http://nih.techriver.net/view.php?patientId=95
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Macrophage
Lymph node sinuses, medullary cords, germinal centers
http://www.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/colorpage/cly/clycmln.GIF
http://www.pathpedia.com/education/eatlas/histology/lymph_node/images.aspx
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Langerhans Dendritic Cells
Epidermis & mucosa
When activated, home to
paracortical/T cell zone of
cutaneous draining lymph
nodes
CD1a in dermatopathic lymphadenitis
langerin
Ochoa et al. J Invest Dermatol. 2008; 128: 2225-31.
https://www.ipath-network.com/inctr/object/view/4264
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Dermal Dendritic Cells
Ochoa et al. J Invest Dermatol. 2008; 128: 2225-31.
Papillary dermis
FXIIIa
Immature DC
phenotype (CD1b+)
Release
proinflammatory
cytokines
Antigen presentation
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Interdigitating Dendritic Cells
Paracortex
Present
antigens to T-
cells
http://www.pathpedia.com/education/eatlas/histology/lymph_node/images.aspx
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Follicular Dendritic Cells Primary & secondary follicles
Present antigens to B-cells
Long-living cells involved in immunologic/humoral memory
http://www.pathpedia.com/education/eatlas/histology/lymph_node/images.aspx
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Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells
Paracortex
Produce type-1 IFN's (IFNα)
Enhances NK–mediated cytotoxicity
Recruits macrophages
CD123
Colonna et al. Nat Immunol. 2004; 5: 1219-26.
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CD45 Weak + Weak + + + - +
Swerdlow et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues 2008. (p355)
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Ontogenic Classification of Histiocytic Disorders
Langerhans
cell histiocytosis
Interdigitating
dendritic cell
sarcoma
Blastic
plasmacytoid
dendritic cell
neoplasm
Follicular
dendritic cell
sarcoma
Acute
monocytic
leukemia
Hemophagocytic syndromes
Rosai-Dorfman Histiocytic sarcoma
Juvenile
xanthogranuloma
Swerdlow et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues 2008. (p354)
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WHO 2008 Classification
Macrophage/histiocytic neoplasm
Histiocytic sarcoma
Dendritic cell neoplasms
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Langerhans cell sarcoma
Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
Fibroblastic reticular cell tumor
Indeterminate dendritic cell tumor
Dermal dendritic cells neoplasms
Disseminated juvenile xanthogranuloma
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Classification of Histiocytic Disorders
Varied biological behavior
Dendritic cell-related
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Secondary dendritic cell process
Juvenile xanthogranuloma
Solitary histiocytomas with dendritic cell phenotype
Macrophage-related
Hemophagocytic syndromes
Primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Secondary hemophagocytic syndromes
Rosai-Dorfman disease
Solitary histiocytoma with macrophage phenotype
Malignant
Monocyte-related
Extramedullary monocytic sarcoma
Acute monoblastic/monocytic leukemia (M5A, 5B)
AMML (M4)
AML with inv(16)
CMML
Dendritic cell-related histiocytic sarcoma
Langerhans cell sarcoma
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma
Macrophage-related histiocytic sarcoma
1997 WHO Committee on Histiocytic/Reticulum Cell Proliferations & Reclassification Working Group of the Histiocyte Society
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Histiocytic Sarcoma
WHO: malignant neoplasm of mature tissue histiocytes
Histopathology described in the literature is very similar to our current case
Importantly, histopathology not particularly distinctive - IHC & molecular studies essential
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CNS Histiocytic Sarcoma
Differ morphologically from other sites
Neoplastic cells obscured by heavy inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, with multiple foci of microabscess, fibrin, necrosis
Mimicks an inflammatory process
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Criteria for Diagnosis
Requires >1 histiocytic marker
CD163: hemoglobin scavenger receptor, exclusively in monocytic/histiocytic lineage
Lysozyme, CD68, CD4, CD11c, CD14, α1-antichymotrypsin, α1-antitrypsin, MAC387, HAM56, Ki-M8, Ki-M4, cathespin D & E, M-CSF receptor Less specific
CD68: angiosarcoma, melanoma, granular cell tumor, carcinoma, some lymphomas, schwannoma, AML without monocytic differentiation, Langerhans cell tumor, juvenile xanthogranuloma, blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm, interdigitating dendritic cell proliferation
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Criteria for Malignancy
1. Clonal cytogenetic abnormality
2. Aneuploidy
3. Monoclonality
4. Malignant morphology
5. High proliferative rate
6. Tumorigenicity
7. Aggressive clinical course
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DDX: Other Hematopoeitic Neoplasms
Monoblastic/monocytic or myeloid sarcoma: myeloperoxidase, CD117, CD34
Primary DLBCL of CNS, T/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma: CD20, CD79a, PAX5, κ/λ, IgH rearrangement
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma: CD3, other T cell markers, CD30, ALK, TCRγ rearrangement, t(2;5) NPM/ALK
Pitfall: neoplastic cells may express CD68, CD11b, α1-antichymotrypsin, lysozyme
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, lymphoepithelioid variant (Lennert lymphoma): CD3, CD8, CD56, cytotoxic granules, EBV+ Reed-Sternberg-like cells
Hodgkin lymphoma: Pax5, CD15, CD30
Plasma cell neoplasms: CD138, κ/λ
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DDX: Other Histiocytic Disorders Dendritic cell disorders:
Langerhans cell neoplasms: CD1a, langerin, S100, Birbeck granules
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma: CD21, CD35, CD23, clusterin, desmosomes & cytoplasmic processes by EM
Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma: S100, interdigitating cell processes by EM
Juvenile xanthogranuloma etc: pathognomonic Touton giant cells, FXIIIa, CD68, fascin
Erdheim-Chester: pathognomonic bilateral symmetrical osteosclerosis of metaphyses/diaphyses of long bones with sparing of epiphyses, lipid-laden foamy histiocytes, FXIIIa, CD68, fascin
Other macrophage disorders: Hemophagocytic syndromes: hemophagocytosis, clinical
(cytopenias, fever, ↑ spleen, ↑ triglyceride, ↓ fibrinogen, ↑ plasma soluble IL2 receptor)
Rosai-Dorfman: dural, emperipolesis, S100 Reticulohistiocytoma/sis: ground-glass histiocytes
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DDX: Non-Hematopoeitic Neoplasms
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: characteristic imaging with circumscribed solid & cystic mass or a cyst with mural nodule, GFAP (100%), S100 (100%)
Pitfall: often CD68+
Gliosarcoma: areas of typical glioblastoma
Pitfall: sarcomatous area GFAP-
Lymphoplasma cell-rich meningioma: EMA, vimentin
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: ALK, 2p23 rearrangement
Carcinoma: pan-cytokeratin, CAM5.2
Melanoma: S100, HMB45, melanA
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DDX: Infectious, Inflammatory
Infection: viral inclusions, fungus, parasites/protozoa, microbiology workup
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare spindle-cell pseudotumor: AFB
Subacute infarct: Red neurons, liquefactive necrosis
Tumefactive demyelination: Macrophages with Luxol fast blue/PAS+ myelin breakdown products
IgG4-related sclerosing disease: IgG4/IgG>40%, obliterative phlebitis
Idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis
Inflammatory pseudotumor
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Prognosis In general, poor prognosis: 60−80% die of progressive
disease within 1 year
Primary CNS HS also appears to have poor prognosis
6 total cases reported
5 cases:
Median survival 4.5 months
Metastases to serosal surfaces, mediastinum, bone
1 case: initial indolent course with response to resection & radiation, followed by subsequent relapse to the mediastinum 3½ years later
Current case: disease recurrence 1 year after resection & radiation, recurrent disease unresponsive to salvage chemotherapy
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Acknowledgements
Dr. Jonathan Said
Dr. Harry Vinters
Dr. Whitney Pope
Dr. W. Dean Wallace