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Long-Term Memory
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The Traditional View of Long-Term MemoryCapacity
Analogy:“Scrapbook” or “treasure chest”
What type of info is stored?
Some think LTM is unlimited
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However….
I just sat
down.
I walked to
class.
Years Hours Minutes Now
I had lunch.
I got my
drivers
licence.
LTMSTM
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The Traditional View of Long-Term MemoryCoding
One explanation for errors of retrieval
Problems with encoding
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Long-Term Potentiation
http://web.bvu.edu/faculty/ferguson/Course_Material/Cognitive_Processes/Images/LTP.jpg
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The Traditional View of Long-Term MemoryRetention Duration
Recognition:Recall:
Experiment 1: recall of Spanish
Experiment 2: recall of spatial layout of a city
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The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory
Forgetting
Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve
http://www.moorshire.com/images/forgettingcurve.jpg
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The Traditional View of Long-Term MemoryForgetting
A learning task: Paired-associates learning
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The Traditional View of Long-Term MemoryForgetting
Interference
Proactive interference
Retroactive interference
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How does interference work?
Retrieval Cue
Fan effect
The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory
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Retrieval of InformationMnemonics
Categorization
The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory
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The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory
Retrieval of InformationMnemonics
Encoding specificity
State-dependent memory 1. Environment (context effect)
1. Learn List
2. TestingLocation LandUnderwater LandUnderwater
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Retrieval of InformationMnemonics
Encoding specificityState-dependent memory
2. Physiological state
3. Mood
The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory
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Retrieval of InformationMnemonics
Encoding specificitySpacing effect
oEncoding variability
The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory
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The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory
Retrieval of InformationMnemonics
Encoding specificityCue overload
Amount of processing (black:white; black:train)
The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory
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The Levels-of Processing ViewBasic assumption: Depth of Analysis
Superficial or shallow encoding
Deeper or semantic encoding
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The Levels-of Processing ViewBasic assumption: Depth of Analysis
Experiment:Capital letters?
Rhyming?
Fit into sentence?
BABY monkey
cat fish
plate ocean
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Short-Term Memory vs. Long-Term Memory
Time info stored
Capacity
Coding (form of storage)
Ways info retained or forgotten
Ways info retrieved
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Suggestions for Studying1. Elaborate
2. Organize
3. Associate
4. Take breaks
5. Match learning and testing conditions
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Question: Do lab experiments really tell us anything about how memory works in real life?
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Reconstructive Nature of Memory
Autobiographical Memory
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Reconstructive Nature of MemoryFlashbulb Memories
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Reconstructive Nature of MemoryEyewitness Memory
Elizabeth Loftus experiments
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Reconstructive Nature of MemoryThe Recovered/False Memory Debate
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Neurological Studies
H.M. case
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AmnesiaAnterograde Amnesia
Affects LTM but not working memoryAffects memory regardless of modalitySpares general knowledgeSpares skilled performanceAlthough skilled performance depends on
context (hyperspecific memory)
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AmnesiaRetrograde Amnesia
Temporal extent varies among patientsMost recent memories are most likely to be
lostSpares “overlearned” informationSpares skilled learning