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Dr. Michael E. CanesLogistics Management Institute
April 9, 2003
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• Honda– Insight– Civic
• Toyota– Prius
Picture Source: Honda Motor Co.
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• Ford– Escape
• Dodge– Ram Truck
• GMC– Sierra SUV– Saturn VUE
• Lexus– RX330
Picture source: Toyota Motor Co.
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• Army– Humvee– COMBATT– FCS
• Marines– RSTV
• Air Force
Picture source: National Automotive Center
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• Technology of hybrids
• Economics in military use
• Logistics
• Environmental impacts
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• Combine 2 sourcesof power; electricmotor and internalcombustion engine
• Regenerativebraking
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ICEngine
ICEngine
GeneratorGenerator ControllerController
BatteriesBatteries
Electric Motor/Generator
Electric Motor/Generator
ICEngine
ICEngine
GeneratorGenerator ControllerController
BatteriesEnergy StorageSystem (batteries)
Electric Motor/Generator
Electric Motor/Generator
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• 10-15% gain in fuel efficiency
• Flexibility with regard to enginelocation
• Can be configured for onboard powergeneration
• Proven technology – used in trainengines, diesel submarines
• Most hybrid trucks use series design
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EngineEngine
GeneratorGenerator ControllerController
Energy Storage(batteries)
Energy Storage(batteries)
Electric Motor/Generator
Electric Motor/Generator
CombiningGears
CombiningGears
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• Motor, engine work together
• Significant gains in fuel efficiency
• Used in Toyota Prius, Honda Civic
• Being tried in trucks
• Can be configured for onboard powergeneration
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• Reduced fuelconsumption
• Reduced brakemaintenance
• Reduced need forstandalonegenerators
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• Higher initialcost (addition ofelectric motor,batteries)
• Periodic batteryreplacement
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• Comparison toConventionallyPowered Humvee
• Net present valueanalysis (20 yearlife)
• Picture Source: IDT PEI
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Economics of the Hybrid Humvee:Key Assumptions
• Value of onboard power generation =incremental cost of vehicle
• Cost of fuel reflects underlying logisticsnetwork (estimated at $10/gal.)
• Conventional Humvee gets 9 mpg,driven 3500 miles per year
• Hybrid provides 30% efficiency gain
• 3 year battery life; $3000 replacementcost
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NPV of Hybrid Humvee Relative toConventionally Powered
$121$4502$4665$3,491$2,312$5,237$90
7%v.
6% ROI
5,000miles/year
50%mpggain
$2000/battery
repl.
4-yearbattery
repl.
$15/galBaseCase
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Humvee Breakeven Battery Cost vs.Life at Different Fuel Costs
0123456789
10
1 2 3 4 5Frequency of replacement (yrs)
Bat
tery
Cos
t ($K
)
A: $15/gal
B: $10/gal
C: $5/gal
AB
C
A
B
CC
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Logistics Footprint: What Does Onboard PowerGeneration Imply for Fuel and Weight Savings?
• Assume onboard generating capability= 30KW of power
• Assume otherwise need two 15KWportable generators and vehicles topull each
• Assume hybrid Humvee in powergeneration mode uses same fuel astwo 15KW generators
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Assumed Equivalency of Hybrid Onboard PowerGeneration With Standalone Generators
HybridElectricHumvee
(12,100 # GVW)
Humvee
(11,500 #GVW)
Humvee
(11,500 # GVW)
15 kWGen
(3,324 # GVW)
15 kWGen
(3,324 # GVW)
Source: Army Program Office, Light Tactical Vehicles
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• 1 fewer conventional Humvee towvehicle
• 2 fewer standalone generators• Weight savings:
- 1 Humvee (11,500 lbs) - 2 15KW generators (3324 lbs each) + 1 hybrid weight increment (600 lbs)
= Net reduction of 17,548 lbs
• Fuel savings of 1 less vehicle plus 30%fuel efficiency gain for the other
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(Assume 15KW Onboard Generator)
• -1 fewer standalone generator (-3324 lbs)
• +1 hybrid weight increment (+600 lbs)
• = Net reduction of 2724 lbs
• 30% gain in fuel efficiency
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• THAAD
• SHORAD
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THAAD –30 KW Hybrid Humvee CouldProvide Power to Two Shelters
• Eliminate 2 15 KW towed generators +towing vehicle
• 25-30% reduction in fuel use
Source: Army Program Office, Light Tactical Vehicles
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Plus Fewer Required Airlift Sorties
Picture source: National Automotive Center
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Potential Logistics Savings forSHORAD System
Combined C2/Crew Vehicle
Powered by Hybrid Humvee
Stowed Sentinel Radar
On Hybrid Humvee
Hybrid SystemHybrid System
Crew / Maintenance Vehicle
C2 Vehicle
Stowed Sentinel Radar
Current SystemCurrent System
Source: Army Program Office, Light Tactical Vehicles
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• 2 trailers
• 1 Humvee
• Up to 50% of fuel consumption
• Volume, mass reduction of 40-45%
• 1-2 men
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• Reduced fuel use
• Reduced airemissions
• Reduced equipmentmass
• Reduced air sortiesto deliver equipment
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(Tons/15 Year Service Life)
.014.004.003SOx
.046.003.003PM
78.00026.16019.818CO2
.619.095.246CO
.399.073.015NOx
.129.042.091HC
HD Truck(diesel)
LD Truck(diesel)
Auto(gasoline)
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Potential Environmental Challenges
• Battery disposal
• Increased massof hybrid vehicle
• Parallelmaintenanceoperations
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• Economics of hybrids look favorable formilitary
• Potentially important logistics savings
• Net environmental impacts probably positive:– Reductions in air emissions
– Net reduction in material mass
• But operational, economic, environmentalchallenges exist:– Performance under operating conditions
– Incremental cost
– Battery disposal