Locomotion Locomotion and Support and Support
SystemsSystems1
OutlineOutline
Diversity of SkeletonsDiversity of SkeletonsHydrostatic SkeletonHydrostatic SkeletonExoskeletonsExoskeletonsEndoskeletonsEndoskeletons
Human Skeletal SystemHuman Skeletal SystemAxial SkeletonAxial SkeletonAppendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton
Human Muscular SystemHuman Muscular SystemThe MusclesThe MusclesMuscle ContractionMuscle Contraction
Chapter 20 page 402-415
Locomotion Locomotion and Support and Support
SystemsSystems2
Hydrostatic SkeletonHydrostatic Skeleton
FunctionsFunctions
Supports body formSupports body form
Provides resistance for the contraction Provides resistance for the contraction of muscles to act againstof muscles to act against
SourceSource
Some organisms use their fluid-filled Some organisms use their fluid-filled gastrovascular cavitygastrovascular cavity
Others use their fluid-filled coelomOthers use their fluid-filled coelom
Locomotion Locomotion and Support and Support
SystemsSystems4
Exoskeletons and EndoskeletonsExoskeletons and EndoskeletonsExoskeleton - External SkeletonExoskeleton - External Skeleton
Molluscs - composed of calcium Molluscs - composed of calcium carbonatecarbonate
Arthropods - composed of chitinArthropods - composed of chitin
Endoskeleton - Internal SkeletonEndoskeleton - Internal SkeletonEchinoderms and vertebratesEchinoderms and vertebrates
Mineralized bone and cartilageMineralized bone and cartilage
Grows as the animal growsGrows as the animal grows
Does not limit space for internal organsDoes not limit space for internal organs
Supports greater weightSupports greater weight
Locomotion Locomotion and Support and Support
SystemsSystems7
Human Skeletal SystemHuman Skeletal System
FunctionsFunctions
Supports and protects the bodySupports and protects the body
Permits movementPermits movement
Provides resistive foundation for Provides resistive foundation for muscles to act againstmuscles to act against
Bones store calcium and phosphate Bones store calcium and phosphate ionsions
Certain bones produce red blood cellsCertain bones produce red blood cells
Locomotion Locomotion and Support and Support
SystemsSystems8
Bone Growth and RenewalBone Growth and Renewal
Cartilage structures in early development Cartilage structures in early development act as models for future bonesact as models for future bonesCalcium salts deposited in matrix by Calcium salts deposited in matrix by cartilage cells and later by osteoblastscartilage cells and later by osteoblasts
Endochondral ossificationEndochondral ossification
OsteoclastsOsteoclastsBreak down boneBreak down boneRemove worn cellsRemove worn cellsDeposit calcium in the bloodDeposit calcium in the bloodWork with osteoblasts to heal broken Work with osteoblasts to heal broken bonesbones
Locomotion Locomotion and Support and Support
SystemsSystems9
Anatomy of a Long BoneAnatomy of a Long BoneGrossGross
Main shankMain shank Thick outer cylinder of compact boneThick outer cylinder of compact bone Medullary cavity in centerMedullary cavity in center
Spongy bone at endsSpongy bone at endsDetailsDetails
Compact boneCompact bone Unit of structure called osteonUnit of structure called osteon Concentric lamellae arranged around central Concentric lamellae arranged around central canalcanal
Osteocytes lie in lacunae at lamellar boundariesOsteocytes lie in lacunae at lamellar boundaries Spongy boneSpongy bone Numerous bars and plates separated by irregular Numerous bars and plates separated by irregular spacesspaces
Spaces filled with red bone marrowSpaces filled with red bone marrow
Locomotion Locomotion and Support and Support
SystemsSystems13
The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton
Lies in the midline of the bodyLies in the midline of the body
Consists ofConsists of
The skullThe skull
The vertebral columnThe vertebral column
The sternum, andThe sternum, and
The ribsThe ribs
Locomotion Locomotion and Support and Support
SystemsSystems14
The SkullThe SkullFormed by cranium and facial bonesFormed by cranium and facial bones
Major bones are named afterMajor bones are named after
The lobes of the brain, andThe lobes of the brain, and
The facial bonesThe facial bones
Foramen magnumForamen magnum
Opening at base of skullOpening at base of skull
Where spinal cord connects to brainWhere spinal cord connects to brain
Bones of cranium surround sinusesBones of cranium surround sinuses
Locomotion Locomotion and Support and Support
SystemsSystems16
Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column
Vertebral columnVertebral columnSupports the head and trunkSupports the head and trunkProtects the spinal cord and roots of Protects the spinal cord and roots of spinal nerves spinal nerves
Segments (from superior to inferior)Segments (from superior to inferior)Cervical - NeckCervical - NeckThoracic - ThoraxThoracic - ThoraxLumbar - Small of backLumbar - Small of backSacral - SacrumSacral - SacrumCoccyx - TailboneCoccyx - Tailbone
Intervertebral disks of fibrocartilage Intervertebral disks of fibrocartilage act as paddingact as padding
Locomotion Locomotion and Support and Support
SystemsSystems17
Rib CageRib Cage
Protects the heart and lungs, and Protects the heart and lungs, and assists breathingassists breathing
Support by the thoracic vertebrae Support by the thoracic vertebrae Twelve pairs of ribsTwelve pairs of ribs
True ribsTrue ribs Connect directly to sternumConnect directly to sternum Seven pairsSeven pairs
““False” ribsFalse” ribs Do not connect directly to sternumDo not connect directly to sternum Five pairsFive pairs
Locomotion Locomotion and Support and Support
SystemsSystems19
The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular SkeletonConsists ofConsists of
The bones within the pectoral and pelvic The bones within the pectoral and pelvic girdlesgirdles
The attached limbsThe attached limbs
Pectoral girdle – Bones of the shoulderPectoral girdle – Bones of the shoulder
AnteriorAnterior
Supports the arms and handsSupports the arms and hands
Pelvic girdle - Bones of the pelvisPelvic girdle - Bones of the pelvis
PosteriorPosterior
Supports the legs and feetSupports the legs and feet
Locomotion Locomotion and Support and Support
SystemsSystems22
Classification of JointsClassification of Joints
Fibrous JointsFibrous Joints ImmovableImmovableBetween cranial bonesBetween cranial bones
Cartilaginous Joints Cartilaginous Joints Slightly MovableSlightly MovableBetween vertebraeBetween vertebrae
Synovial Joints Synovial Joints Freely MovableFreely MovableBones separated by a cavityBones separated by a cavity
Ligaments bind bones together at jointLigaments bind bones together at joint
Locomotion Locomotion and Support and Support
SystemsSystems24
Human Muscular SystemHuman Muscular SystemSkeletal musclesSkeletal muscles
Attached to the skeleton by cable-like Attached to the skeleton by cable-like fibrous connective tissue called tendonsfibrous connective tissue called tendons
Arranged in antagonistic pairsArranged in antagonistic pairs
Can only contract, cannot pushCan only contract, cannot push
When one muscle contracts, it stretches its When one muscle contracts, it stretches its antagonistic partnerantagonistic partner
A muscle at “rest” exhibits tone (minimal A muscle at “rest” exhibits tone (minimal contraction)contraction)
A muscle in tetany is at maximum sustained A muscle in tetany is at maximum sustained contractioncontraction