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LIVING THE REVOLUTION:CITY AND COUNTRYSIDE
HI 168: Lecture 12Dr. Howard Chiang
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OVERVIEW
- Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference
- Mass Political CampaignsA. Suppressing Counter-RevolutionariesB. Three-Anti CampaignC. Five-Anti Campaign
- Constitution of 1954- Building a Planned Economy:
A. The First Five Year PlanB. Land Reform C. Collectivization
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CPPCC
- Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference: September 21-30, 1949
- Common Program: 1st statement of national policy under the new CCP govt.
- 2 Organic Laws: National and Standing Committee & the People’s Government
- Common Program: 60 clauseshttp://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1949-ccp-program.html
- Mao, “On the Dictatorship of People’s Democracy” (Jun 30) – lean to one side
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XIyb1NMZaQ
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Mass Political Campaigns
- 3 most important political campaigns that were launched to control and win over the urban population:1. Movement for the Suppression of Counter-Revolutionaries2. Three-Anti Campaign3. Five-Anti Campaign
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COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARIES
- Counter-revolutionaries:leading members of the GMD and senior officers of its army as well as the highest ranking police officers and secret agents who had worked for the former regime
- Jan-Oct 1950: 13,812 arrests- Eliminate Counter-Revolutionary
Elements
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COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARIES
- “Regulations on the Suppression of Counter-Revolutionaries”
- Also targeted leaders of traditional Buddhist and Daoist secret societies
- Mass meetings- 500,000 to 800,000 deaths (Mao,
1957)- Suicides – difficult to assess
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THREE-ANTI CAMPAIGN
- Corruption, waste, and the culture of bureaucracy
- Trial basis in Northeast by Gao Gang- Similar to the earlier New Life
Movement under GMD, but targeted govt. officials
- “mass struggle movement”- Individuals singled out, humiliated,
and denounced- Served as a template for future
mass campaigns
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FIVE-ANTI CAMPAIGN
- Jan 1952: bribery, tax evasion, fraud, theft of government property, and the leakage of state secrets
- directed at “national bourgeoisie” (industrialist & traders)
- allow activists in workers’ organizations to examine employer’s finances
- Outcome: the Party gained understanding about the workings of private sector in towns & cities
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1954 CONSTITUTION
- Adopted by National People’s Congress on September 20, 1954
- Standing Committee- Chairman of the PRC- State Council- Local people’s congresses- National flag & national emblem- Democratic?
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FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN
- Industrial developments had been patchy – Northeast (Jap. Occupation)
- “Decisions on the Unification of the Nation’s Financial and Economic Work”: centralize finance and taxation accompanied by restrictions on the circulation of foreign currency
- 1952: State of Statistical Bureau & State Planning Commission
- expand industry; rid of private sector
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LAND REFORM
- Policy of confiscating land from the landowning classes and redistributing it to the poorest peasants
- History:- Jiangxi Soviet period (1929-35)- United Front (1937-45) – relaxed - Civil War (1945-49) – harsher
- By 1949, CCP already quite experienced
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LAND REFORM
- 1950 Agrarian Reform Law:“land ownership system…should be abolished and the system of peasant landownership should be introduced”
- Criteria for classifying were complex- Work Teams: 3-30 people
1. collecting taxes2. peasant associations – “speaking bitterness” meetings
- a new elite of village cadres emerged
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COLLECTIVIZATION
- Or cooperation began in 1952 - 1952-55: Mutual Aid Teams- 1955: Agricultural Producers’
Cooperatives (APCs) – 30-40 families- 1956-58: High Agricultural Producers’
Cooperatives (HPCs) – 100-300 families
- What did collectivization mean for the families involved?