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Livestock Perspectives on Bio-energy co-products
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Feeding DDGS to IN Livestock
Specie Diet inclusion tons / year
Swine 10% 274,950
Dairy 20% 263,000
Repl. Heifers 30% 70,000
Poultry 10% 177,390
Beef/cow-calf var. 47,477
TOTAL 832,817
Est. production of DDGS = 1.4 M tons60%
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DDGS Nutritional Issues
1. Variability in available amino acids– Lys digestibility range = 60 to 84%– Novus Intl. in vitro assay (r2 = 0.88)
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20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50
Sample Number
Dig
estib
ility
(%)
Lysine
Methionine
Threonine
Amino Acid Digestibility (%)
Novus Intl., 2006
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High Dig. Lys. Low Dig. Lys.
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DDGS Nutritional Issues
1. Variability in available amino acids– Lys digestibility range = 60 to 84%
2. Variability in available energy– ME ranges between 2629 to 2981 kcal/kg
3. Variability in phosphorusTotal P, % Available P, %
total PCorn 0.3 20 to 30%DDGS 0.75 60 to 80%
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DDGS Nutritional Issues
4. Variability in sodium content (corn=0.02%)
– 0.05 to 0.17% Typical diet = 0.18%
5. Pelleting – molasses “balls” from solubles cause “gumming” of dies reducing throughput and pellet durability
6. INCONSISTENCY (w/in & between plants)
7. Mycotoxins (concentrated 3X)
8. Sulfur content (0.4 to 0.8 vs corn = 0.12)
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SBM vs DDGS
• DDGS contains 62% of the protein of SBMSBM = 44 or 48 DDGS = 27
• DDGS contains 30% of the total lysine of SBM
SBM = 2.83 DDGS = 0.84
• DDGS contains 16% of the available lysineSBM = 2.41 DDGS = 0.39
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Feed Manufacturing Issues
• Flow rates (handling / transportation)
• Bridging- bad with high inclusion rates
• Particle size? ( < 400 to > 600 um)
• Separation/settling issues?• Pelletability?
• Wet feeding - spoilage
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Other Issues / Unknowns with DDGS
• Effect on Animal Performance (including reproductive performance) ?
• Effect on Product Quality ?
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Other Issues / Unknowns with DDGS
• Effect on Animal Performance (including reproductive performance) ?
• Effect on Product Quality ?
• Effect on Nutrient Management ?
• Producer Education
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Processing Methods or Technologies
1. Conventional dry grind
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2.5-2.7 gal of Ethanol
One bushel of CornCorn Dry Grind Facility
15-17 lbs of DDGS
Ruminant Feed
Co-products in Dry Grind Corn Process
V. Singh, UIUCNonruminant Food
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Processing Methods or Technologies
1. Conventional dry grind
2. Modified dry grind – recovers germ and pericarp fiber with a horizontal drum degerminator
3. Quick germ quick fiber – recovers germ and pericarp fiber by soaking corn in water for 6 to 12 hours with alpha-amylase
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Coproducts from Modified Dry Grind andQuick Germ Quick Fiber Processes
One bushel CornCorn Dry Grind Facility
2.6 gal Ethanol
7.0 lb Residu
al DDGS
Ruminant Food
Dry DegermDefiberProcess
Nonruminant Food
4 lb Germ
4 lb Perica
rp Fiber
+
V. Singh, UIUC
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Effect of Processing Technology on Nutrient Content of DDGS (%)1
Conventional Modified Quick germComponent dry grind dry grind quick fiber
Protein 21 25 28
Fat 14 9 6
Fiber (TDF) 36 28 25
Lysine 0.73 0.63 0.91
Phosphorus, % 0.78 0.47 1.12
1 dry matter basis.Parsons et al., 2006
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Processing Methods or Technologies
1. Conventional dry grind
2. Modified dry grind – recovers germ and pericarp fiber with a horizontal drum degerminator
3. Quick germ quick fiber – recovers germ and pericarp fiber by soaking corn in water for 6 to 12 hours with alpha-amylase
4. Enzymatic Dry Grind (E-Mill) – uses enzymes to recover additional endosperm fiber
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Coproducts from Enzymatic Dry Grind (E-Mill)
One bushel CornCorn Dry Grind Facility
2.6 gal Ethanol
3.7 lb Residu
al DDGS
Ruminant Food
QuickGerm
QuickFiber
Nonruminant Food
E-Mill
3.3 lb Germ 4 lb
Pericarp
Fiber 4 lb Endosperm Fiber
V. Singh, UIUC
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Overall Issues with DDGS
• Product Variation
• Handling, Storage, Transportation
• Effect on Animal Performance
• Effect on Product Quality
• Effect on Nutrient Management
• Producer Education
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Glycerol from Bio-diesel• ~ 10% of production
• What to do with off-spec for human / industrial use?
• Can use up to 10% in diets (CHO energy +)
• Purity vs. cost?
• Pellet binder?
• Change in animal fat composition / amount
• Handling issues?
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Helpful Resources
• http://www.ddgs.umn.edu/
• http://ilift.traill.uiuc.edu/distillers/