Download - Literary forms in the Gospels
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Literary forms in the Gospels
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Narratives…• ‘A narrative text tells an imaginative story
although some narratives may be based on fact.’ First Steps
• Purpose is to entertain, explain and/or teach • Structure: Orientation
Series of events Complication Resolution Coda (optional)
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Narratives…• Features
Characters with defined identitiesWritten in present tenseDialogueUsually in the third person Many action verbsLinking words to do with timeMostly statement sentences
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Specific Narrative forms…
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Call Story• A specific narrative type which follows a
typical structure– People involved in ordinary activity– Jesus approaches, initiates– ‘Follow me’ invitation– Need to leave something behind
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Call Story• Lk 5:1-11, 5:27-39
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Summary• A narrative designed to summarise, in
allegorical form, what is to come– They anticipate – They encapsulate
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Summary• The Boy Jesus in the Temple Lk 2: 41-52• The rejection at Nazareth Lk 4:21-30• Parable of the Sower Lk 8:4-8 (+11-15)
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Miracles• Traditionally defined as an event which departs
from the fixed or natural order of events. • Miracles stories include healing stories and nature
stories.
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Miracles• Predictable Structure
– Setting– Cure– Result
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Miracles• Cleansing of the lepers Lk 17:11-19• Feeding of the 5000 Lk 9:10-17• Miraculous catch of fish Lk 5:1-11
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Parable or mashal• A short story with emotive or moral
significance which initiates a comparison. Based on the literary device simile (like, as) or metaphor.
• Have a sense of fable or allegory about them. • Since 19th Century three types of parables
have been classified: the parable proper;the similitude, the example story.
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The Parable Proper• There are 16 proper parables in the gospels
– Typically begin ‘There was rich man…a certain debtor.In Matthew’s gospel they generally begin by stating the explicit comparison. ‘The kingdom of heaven is like… (Mt 13)
– One off stories; longer; detailed– Not an actual event but still plausible– ‘Once upon a time stories’ Past tense
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The Parable Proper– ‘There was rich man…’ Lk 16:1– ‘A certain debtor had…’Lk 7:41– ‘A sower went out to sow…’ Lk 8:5 (Mk 4:3,
Mt 13:3) – In a certain city Lk 18:1-8, (Mt 21:28-30)
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The Example Story• There are 4 example stories in the Gospels
– Compares an event with a moral or religious ethic
– Gives one example to illustrate a general principal
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The Example Story– The Good Samaritan Lk 10:29-37 – The Rich Fool Lk 12:16-21 – The rich man and Lazarus Lk 16:19-31 – The Pharisee and Tax Collector Lk 18:9-14
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The Similitude• There are 12 Similitudes in the gospel
– Typically begins ‘Which of you….’– Regular, everyday story; typical experience – Recognised as true – Present tense– Concise
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The Similitude– ‘Which of you…’ Lk 15:5; 14:28, 31 – ‘What woman…’Lk 15:8 – ‘What King…’ Lk14:31
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Midrash• Midrash, from the root darash – to enquire – is the
process through which meaning other than the literal is found for a passage.
• Because much in scripture is unexplained, Midrash is one branch of oral law, although it has now been collected into written form.
• Midrash began with the earliest prophets, was offered by the Rabbis of Jesus’ times and continues now.
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Midrash• Midrash Halakah explains the law; midrash
aggadah interprets the remainder of Scripture.• Midrash aggadah includes theology, ethical
teaching, exhortation, popular philosophy, imaginative exposition, legend, allegory and animal fables.
• Midrash observes typological patterns, verbal echoes, rythmns of repetition and obvious inconsistencies or absences in the text.
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Midrash• Infancy narrative
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Literary forms that are NOT narratives
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Sayings• Genre of wise sayings…
– Common in antiquity– Belong to the Wisdom tradition– Genre fell into disuse by the end of the 1st
century
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The sayings of Jesus
• The question is, what did Jesus really say?
• What has been ascribed to him but which in fact stems from the early church?
• What was put on his lips by authors and editors?
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The sayings of Jesus
• The sayings of Jesus Lk 17: 5-10
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Legal language• Classical legal Greek • Reads as formal language:
– Intent– Method– Assurance of accuracy
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Legal language• The Prologue Lk 1:1-4
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Speech• A rhetorical device in which the author puts
into the mouth of the character:– what they imagine they would have said or
thought– what they want the hearer to hear
• They have an interpretive value • Common in Greco-Roman world
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Speech• Of Mary Lk 1:46-55• Of Zechariah Lk 1:68-79• Of Simeon Lk 2:29-32
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A word about truth• There are many types of truth
‘legal truth’ – proof; verified; CSI truth…truth of science and maths; ‘relative truth’ – date; temperature;
circumstances ‘experiential interpreted truth’
• The Bible is experienced and interpreted truth.