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Lipids Qualitative
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• Lipids are the body’s principal energy reserve.• About 85% of the deaths caused by
cardiovascular disease are due to arteriosclerosis
• Lipids play vital roles both functionally and structurally in our bodily processes.– Insulate
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Classification of lipids
• Simple lipids, compound lipids, steroids, terpenes,
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Classification of Clinically Important lipids
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Simple lipids
• Include;– Fats, oils, and waxes
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The general structural formula for fats and oils
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• Saturated– Rich energy reserves
• Unsaturated– Unsaturated fatty acids twist and bend• Inhibits close packing• Membrane fluidity
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Compound Lipids
• Include – Phospholipids, sphingolipids, & glycolipids.
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A typical phospholipid
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• Phospholipids can be classified according to the alcohol esterified to the phosphate group.– Lecithins – Cephalins
• Components of cell membranes
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Steroids
• Common structure – A 17-carbon 4-fused ring system
• The modifications include– Ring substituents• Hydrocarbon chains, hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups
& Other modifications include double bonds
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The steroid ring system
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Cholesterol
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• Cholesterol – the most abundant steroid in the body– a major component of cellular membran– an important precursor – Associated with atherosclerosis
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• In order for lipids to be transported by the blood they must be complexed with water-soluble proteins known as lipoproteins
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Generalized structure of a plasma lipoprotein
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Identifying Lipids
• by Their Physical Properties – Solubility Test • Hydrocarbon content• The relative amounts of charged groups• The ionic character
– Altered by changes in solvent pH
– Emulsification Test
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• chemical reactions to determine the presence of general structural features of lipid molecules
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• Saponification Test for Triglycerides
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• Halogenation Test for Unsaturated Lipids – Addition reaction• Hydrogenation
– Oils, changed to fats
• Liebermann–Burchard Test for Cholesterol– The Liebermann– Burchard reagent, a mixture of
acetic anhydride & sulfuric acid
• Ammonium Molybdate Test for Phosphate
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• The yellow ammonium molybdophosphate precipitates from the reaction mixture
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• the physical properties that are characteristic of lipids as a general class of compounds
• Chemical reactions– Determine specific structural information about
individual lipids