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8/13/2019 Linkedin v. Does CFAA and DMCA
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JDROMEC. ROTH StateBarNo. [email protected] l. BLnVIN (Srate rr No.230269)[email protected],AIJRAK. Lin(Stotc arNo.2815,12)laura.lin(drlto.oomMlJNCER. Ot,T,ES OI.SON LP560MissionStreetTwcnty-SeventhloorSanFrancisco,alifornia 4105-2907' lc lephonc: (415)5l2-4000lacsimi lc: (415)512-4077
Atbmcys or LinlicdlnCorporation
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Linl(cdlnCorporir l ion,
l 'h int i l l ' . Cornpl:r int, 'ot ' :(l) vloLAl'roN olt 1'llEcoMPtll' lt l{I,-llAUD NDAllIJSE C'l', l i l;-s.c.Qti1030 i'f S[Q.i(2)VlOl,A't ' toNol' cALll 'ol{NlAI'ENALCOr)l lS502;(3'IVIOI,Al'ION0F THN I)I(;I1'AI,
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COMPLAINT
8/13/2019 Linkedin v. Does CFAA and DMCA
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Plainti1l ,inkedln Corporation "Linkedln" or "Plainti1l'), by and hrough ts attorneys,
brings h is ComplainragainslDcfendantsDocs I -10 (collcctivcly, he"Doe Dcfendants") or
injunctivercliefand danragcs.Linkcdln allegcsas ollows:
1. Linkedln s hc world's argest roiessionalet\\ ,olkith morc han259nil l ion
nremhcrsn over200corrntricsnd cf i ibf ics ruoundheglobc.Linkedlns l i .sstons o connect
thc worlcl'sprofessionalso rnakc hem moreprodtlctiveand succcssful. hrough ts proprictary
platlbrm. Litrkedlnallows ls nrcmbcts o ctcale,manage nd sh:tre hcir professional istoricsand
intcrcsts nl ine. n addit ion., inkedln rovides aluable crviccso corporatecoruitcrs l lcl
hcadhuntersith ts tecfuiler foducl,\ 'hich l lows hcm o dcnti l .v rrongLinkcclln's renrbcrs
top candidatcsbr opcnposil ions. t thehcarlof Linkcdln's l i l t lbnnarc ls nlcmbcrs, hocrcate
proli lcs ha(scrvc ls hcirprollssionllonlirrc dentit ics ndarcaoccssiblcy anyothcr rrcnlbcr.
2. SinccMay 2013. nknown ctsons ud/of nt it ics nrployirlgariousrl l lomatod
soliwarc rrrg|amsollcrr olerccl o as bots")havo cgistcrcdhousandsf l irkcLinkcdln
mcDrbor ccounls nd havccxlrtctcd and copieddilt fronrnlany ncnrbcrprolilc pagcs. I his
pr i tct icc,knownnsdata'scraping." iscxpl ic i t ly lxt rrcdbyl, inkc( l l l r 'sIJscr,A , ,0cn1enl,wh
prohil l j ts cocsso Linl(cdln lhrough cfapirrg,piclcring.fawling l olhcr cohnologyr
sottwarc.rscclr acccss atawithout heexprcss lit ten onscnl l Linkcdlnor its Mclnbcrc."
l. Thc Doc l)clindrnts knowirgly and ntclti(nally havcbrcachcd his andothcr
acccss ncl sc cslrict ionsn Lirrkedln'slscr AgrecmcDt \ hich hcyagrcedo abidcby irr
regisleringheiraooounls andh[vc circunvcnted ariorrscchl] ical fotcclion arriors rnploycd
by Linkccll[ . lnsodoing,theyhavcviolatcd n array fl ldcral andskltc awi-. ncll tdinghc
Cornputer raud ndAbuseAcl, l8 U.S.C. 1030, t scq. the Cl;AA"), Cali lbrniaPenalCode
$ 502et scq., nd he )igitalMil lenniunrCopyright ct, 7 U.S.C. 1201 t seq. 1hc DMCA"),
and havc engagedn unluwftrlactsof hreachof contract, iisappropriation, rrd respass.
4. The l)oe Dcfendants'unla$'ful conduct hreatenshe t-inkcdlr platform n scveral
ways. [t undcrmincs he rtegrity andelfectivcness fLinkedln's protcssional elwork by
polluting it \dth thousands f iake mcinberprofiles- The world's prol'essionalstilizc Linkedln
{'ilh the cxpectation hat ls colltenlsarcaccurate nd ts uscrprofiles cgitimale. Morcover,by
-t -COMPI.AINT
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piltbrirg data iom thc Linkedln sitc. he Doe )efcrda[ts tlucaten o degrade he valueof
Linkcdln's ltccruitcr product, n which I-inkcdln has nveslcdsubstantially ver the cars.
l,inke<ilnalsohassullbred additionalharrnsasa resuitofthc Doc Dcfendants'aclivitics,
inchlding,bul not limitcd to, incrcased trair on anddisruplionof ils networkservcrs nd hc
expcnditufe f limc and resourccso invcstigate ndrespond1()hismisconducl-
5. LiDkcdln's olcguiding alue s Mcmbcrs irst. Becausc inkedln's rcrnbcrs
cnlfust inkedlnwith lhcirprolcssionalistoicsand ntcrcsts n , intricdlt l 'sitc.Linkedlr s
con1mil lcdo carning ndkecpingtsmcmbefs'r. trstn evcf) ' thing inkcdhr ocs.ncluding
prolcct irrgtsmcnbcrs iom attcrnptsy thirdpart ics scmpc hejrdata.
6. l , inkcdln cspondedu' i l i ly o thc )oe )eiir ldants' ct jvi l ies,ncluding romptly
disablinghc lkc nrcnrbcr rol i lcs nd nrplcnlcnlingddit ioualechnical n)lccl ion art icrs. n
addition o thcsenreasules, nd o cnsurc hal i(urc incidcnlsdo not occur- -inkcdln brings his
itct ion 0 dcntify hc Doc )cl 'cndantsrnd o obl:r in crnranon(njunctivcclicl 'halt inghcir
unlawll l condtict. l-hcl)oc )cl indarrt"- ct ivit ics.l notcnioincd.hrcalcn ngoing rd
irrcparablcarm o Linkcclln.ncludingo i ls rcputalion ndsub)_tanlialonsumcfood\+il l .
l , ini icdln ir lher is entit led 0 tsaotual anrtrges,tatLrloryanrngcs.nd/orcxcnrplarylanngcs s
a rosult l thc )oo I)cl-endaDls'iscondLlcl.
. IUI{ISDIC'I ' IONAND VIINUII
7. This Court ras cdclalqucstionjurisdiot ionvcr lr is ct ion LrudcrB i.S.U.
$$ l33land l l3l lbecauscthisact ioDal lcgesviolal ionsolbdcr| lstatutcs,ncludirgtheCI.AA.
l8t l .S.C.S1030,ctseq.,andtheDMCA,7U.S.C.gd1201,ctscq.ThcClourt1as upplcmcntal
j urisdictionover ire state aw causcs f uctionpleadedhercin pursuanto 28 U.S.C. \ l3 67.
11. Vcnue is propcr n this District urdcr 28 U.S.C.g l39l, bccalNc substantiai arl
ofthe evcntsor omissionsgiving rise o theclaintsoccuncd n this l)istricl-
9. In addition,Linkedln's tjscr Agreement overningall users'accesso and useof
the l-inkcdlnwcbsiteand Linlicdln's serviccs rovidcs hat courts ocatcdwilhin thc coo4tyof
SaulaCluua,Califbmia, sballh.rveurisdiciion ovcr anydisputcbetrveen inkcdln and hc Doe
Dettndants.
-2,COMP],AIN1'
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10. During all rclgvan imes, hc Doe Dclendants avcrepcatedly, nowingly, and
intcDtionallyacc€ssed inkcdln's servers ooatcd n this.judicioldist ct witlrout Linkedln's
authorization, nd havcqontractedbr suchaocess, cconing lcgistcredLinkedln mcmbers
subiect o Lid(cdln's ljscr Agrecment. Whilc acccssing inkedln's scrvers, he )oe J)cfendants
madc systcmatic ndcontinuous ontactswith this udicialdislrict,and targeted heir $rongt'ul
act:^ l Linkcdln. which s hcadquarteredn this iudicialdisllicl.
I l. -l'hisis an rrtcllectual rope y action o bc assigned n a districFlvidc basisunder
Civi l Local {ulc3-2(c).
TIII ' PAII ' I ' IES
12. Linkedlu s a Dclawirccorporation jth tsprinclpal lace l busincssn Mounlain
View.Cali lbrnia.
13. l hc Doc DcLcndantsrcpcrsorlsnd/or ntit ics csponsiblcn wholcof in pnl1 lof
thewrongcloinBIIegcclc|cin. At lca"-t'or omcol-thc nlawli l acts l lcgcd crcin. hc )oc
I)clcndanlscSistcrcd)cnrbcr ccolints |r , inkcdln, ubjcct ) hc -inkcdln JscrAgrccnrcnt.
Linkcdln s nlblnrccland cl icvcshalcachol thc Doc )clcnclantsu{icipalcdn, rdl i l ied,
cndoBed, r wls othcn isc nvolvcd n l l teacts onrplaincdl irn(l hul hcyhavc iabil i ly bf such
rcls. Li lrkcdlrrntcnclso scel( xpcditcd lisoovefyo lcarn ho dcntity 11hcDoc DclcndaDtsnd
wil l arrcnd his lomplairti1'and hcr thc dcntit ics l such crsons r cnlit ics nd/or hc scopc l '
theifact i0ns ecomcsnown.
FACTS
Thc Liukcdln ProfcssionalNetrvot.k
14. Linkcdln s theworld's argesl rolcssionalctwork,with over259mil l ion
mcrnbersworidwide and ovcr 84 rnillion mcmbcrs n the United Statcs.Linkedln's mission s to
connect he wotld's prolessionalso nrake hem morcproductivcand succcssful.
15. Through ts proprielaryplatform, Linkedln members reable o creaic.manage nd
share hcir protessiorlaLdeotityonline, build aDdengaSe ith thcir prolessional eiwork,access
sharcd nowledgeand nsights,and ind business ppo unitics,enabling hem to be morc
-3-CoMPLAlr.'T
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producti e andsucccssful.Linkedln's broadcrvision s 10creatccconomicopportunily or cvery
member fthc globalworkforce.
I6. At the hcarl ol Linkedln's plotibrm are ts rnenlbers,who crcale ndividualprofilcs
thatservea"^heir pfolcssionalprofilesandareacccssible y any olhcr membcr.as well as unless
a ficnrberchooses therwisc)anyonewith an Intcnletconncction. Linkedln couDts xecutivcs
liom all 20ll lorlunc 500compunicssnrembers.
17. l- inkedln's orcguiding,aluc s Mcnbels . irst. lecausc inl(cdll l 's nenrbers
c[lmst l- in](cdln , i th hcirprolossionalistorics nd ntcrestsn [, inkedln's itc.Linkcdln s
conmit lcd o camingandkcepingts nrembcrs'rust n evcrything inkcdln locs,ncluri irrg
protecling ts lnenrbcfs inll allcnrptsby lhird partics o scmpe hcir dala.
18. lhc Linkcdln reb$itcsanoriginal opyrightcd ork. .Anrcnghc signif icanl
of iginal lenrsnls l the -inkcdlnwcbsilc r0 hedist inct ivc agc ayout, csign, raphical
clenronls,ndorganizalionl 'mcnlbor rol i lcpagcs nd hc Linkcdln tomcpagcndnows iccl.
l , irrkccllrr 'sJ.S. opyriShtcgislrat ioDsbr hc -inkcdlnwcbsitcncluclclcg.Nos.
IX0007355749,X0007010652.nLt X000745529l.
l9 Linl(cdlnhas nvcstcdndplanso cdlt irLrc 0 nvcsl ubstiut ialiorc. abor. ki l l ,
and inanciolcsolrrccsulo lre lcvclopll]entlndnraintcn ccol lhc l, inkcdln i lc.
l , inl<cdln'sUscrAgrccmcnl
20. Linkcclln s lr,ailable al no cosl o anyonewho wtnts to_ioin ndwlroagrccs o thc
tcflns o ,inkedli's User Agreentcnt nd \'ivacy Policy.r A p()spective ncrllber cgisteN bf an
0ccoulrt y providinga l'irsl name, ast name, mail addross, ndpirssword, ltd agrccing )
I-ir <cdhr's scrAgrectnent ndPrivacy olicy.
21. As dcscribed lrtlrer below, he Doe Dcfeldanls rcgistercd housands f f'ake
membcraccounts spartol thcir datascraping ctivitics. Iror cachof thoscaccounts,he )oe
Defendanis greed o bc boundby Linkedln's Uscr AgrccmeDt.
I Ser http://wr.rrv.1ir'*edin.com/lcgal/user-agrecmenr.
COMPLAlNT
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22.. l,inkedln's lJserAgleemcnt cxplains hat membcrs regrantcda limitcd and
rcvocable iccnsc o acccss ndusc Linkcdlrr n accordance ith the eflns ofthe Uscr Agrecmcnl.
23. Linkedln's User Agrccmentspccilicallyconditionsmcmbers' ight to acccss
LinkcdlnoD hciragreeingot o do so hroughheLNc fdalascrapingcolDologiesnd clatcd
conduct. Ihc agreemcnl talcs, wc granl you a limitcd. rcvocable- onexciusive, onassignablc.
n<.rnsublicenseablcicensc nd ight o acccsshc Scrviccs,hrough gcncri l l ly vailable cb
browser. robile cvice r Linkcdlnauthorizcdpplicationrrl rol lhrough trdPin :spideting
cn rling or othcr technt ogt or sofiru'e usr.l o accc:tslLtl.twithoul h e.\pr?ss 'rilletl cot1sclll
ol Linkedlnor it\ lvlcmbcbr.k) view itllbmrrtion and usc hc ScNices hat wc provideon
I-inkcclln ebpagcsrrrdn aocotdanccith hisAgrccn1cnt."l-nlphasis
ddcd.)
24. I- irrkcdln'sDo's andDon'ts'scction fi ls l jscr Agrccmcnlcitcratcsh l
mcnrbcrs aynot"Lrndcrtrlkc.. l to lu]sonlit l luit l r aulonli l lcdoftwarc, ericcs. cripts obots.
olhcr l lcans r proocsscso lcccss,scrapc, 'crarvl 'ot 'spidcr' ' nywcbpagcs r olhelscrviccs
containcdn thcsitc." l 'hc JscrAgrccnrcnll |. lhcr talcshalnrcnrbcrswil l only nraint{in nc
I-inl icdln ooount tanygi on inrc." lvi l l usc thcirl cl l nrmcandorl lyprcvidcdcoufatc
inl irrmationo Linkcdln.",rndwil l not iolrtc any iBhls l l , inkedln."As dcscribodirrthcr
bclow. hc Doc )clcndants'conducts n I lagtanl iolal ion l each l lhcscprovisi()r ls
Linkcdln's l iccrui(cr Sorvice
25. LinkcdlnRccruitcrs aprcnriLrnrinkedln toduct hatallowscorpuri lLuc ruitcls
and hcadhunlcrso locatc nd fccruit top can(lidates.U[likc I-i icdln's Iicc. basicaccounls br its
nrcmbers.inkedln iccruiler cquires sers t)paya nlonthly 'ec br hcirpremium cccss.
26. LirtkcdlnRecruitcrs oneofl. inkedln's 'astcstrowing crvicesMore han
I 6,000 clicnts andcompanics ay to use Linkcdln Recruiter. Linkedln Rccrtlitcrusers uclude
hLLnanesourccs epartrnontsl soDle fthc mostsucccsslitlcompanicslr lhc counlryanlong
thousands fodrcr large, ncdiumand small busincss nd recruiting inns Ninety of$e Fortune
100companics seLinkedln l.ecruiteror anothcrofLintedln's premium alentsolutions
ploducls.
5-C:OMPLAINT
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21. Corporate ecruitcrs nd headhuntersurchase inkcdln Rccruitermembcrshipsn
ordcr o search br prospcctive andidates mongLinkedln's hundrcdsof millions or nrcrroer
profiles. By using Linkedln Recruitcr's obustandexclusivescarch ools, recruircrs ansearcn
thc cnlire Linkcdln netwolk for top candidatcs' amcsandptoiiles. Recruitcrsmay ocatcand
contactmcmbcrs,ncluding passive andidatcs ho may not be ooking tbr ajob, by aocqssing
Linkcdln's plolcssionalnctwofk tluoLlgh irkcciln Rccruitcr.
l,inkcdln's'l echnol,gicalSafcguards rnd Sccurirv-Mc:NurcsT0 I ' rotectLiukodln Ag:ri st UnauthorizcdAcccss
28. Liukedln 'astidiouslyorks o protecthe ntcgrity ndsccurity f i ts networknd
systcms.Amongolher (hiDgs,1employsan trmy ol lcchnologicalsaLguardsandbarricN
dcsigned 0prcvonl alascrapcrsndoihcrwrongdocrsiorrrgainiDg nauthodzcdoocsso
Linkoclln's itc.
29. Oncsuch alcguards Linkedln's :US|-)rogranr.r[JSI-jnrposcs limit on thc
activi lyLhil l n ndividunl , inkcdlnuscrnrry nit ialc n thcsitc. lhis l imil is ntcndcdo prcvctl l
woulcl-boata ori lpcrs t i l izing utonMtcdcchnologics'ront uic[1y occssingsubslantidl
volunlc l rnclrlbcr roli lcs-.
30. Similarly, inkcdln'sScntinel rogrnrn)onitors ndblocks uspiciousctivi ly
associaledith parl icLrlalnlcrnclProtocol"IP")addrcsscs.2
3l . LinkedlnaLsolnt icipatcdhatdata orapcrs ighldttenlpt creatc mult i tudc l '
lakc rncmbcraccounls.Accordingly,asa seconday ayer of protcction, ,inkedln mplenrentcdts
IJCV systerr o thwart this tnisconduct. fho UCV systemuscsa nunlbcrofparaDrcterso
detcnnineIa ncw account ignup s suspicious.fa suspiciousignup s clentit icd,heUCV
systcm mposes arriers ntcndcd o separatccgitilnateprospcclivemcmbers lom aulomatcdata
scrapingprograms nd bos. Specifically, he UCV sysrcm nkoducesa CAp-l CHAr ticld thal
rcqulresprospcctlve tcnlbcrs o rc-typea word or tcxt thot appearsn obscured, oiored ype.
' An Il'addressn thiscontexts alumerical abelassigncdo each ccess oint o thc nterne(.t
CAPTCHA san"..onym
for "Completely utomated ublicTuring cst o tell ComputersndHumans Dart."
COMPLAINT
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'l'heseobscuredwordsor text irre egib lc o a rcal pcrson anci amiliar to thosepurchasing
concertdckcls, br instance, sa conlmonstcp n an online rcgistralionprocess but difl'icult for
an aulomatcdprogramor bot to recognize.By using C,AP CHA.S,hc IJCV syste prevenlsdala
scrapercrom automatically cgisteringmany new and llegitimatc nembcraccounts.
32. l-ir (edlnalsocmploys echnicalprolocolsdcsigncd o prcvcnlunauthorizcd
autonlatedotsandwcbcrawlcrston accessingthcrw-iscublicly availablc arts f the ,inkedln
site. I(nownas fobots.txli lc, thissaftguind rovides sclol inst lt lcl ionso anyaulonatcd
lcchnologiesisit ing hc -inkcdln itc. Whilc LiDkcdlD'sobots. lxli le docspeDnit omc
u'ebcrawlersc.g.- earch ngiucs uchasGoogle l l l ing) o vicw hc cntirc itc. l prchibjts nd
is ntenclcdo prcvcnt l i lornetcd rogramsikc hoscLrsedy data crapers.
Thc l)oc )ofcndants'D:rtaScrapingAclivit ics
33. l lcl$ccn May 2013anclhcprcscnt,hcDoc )clcndantsnowingly nd
intenlionallyifcLlnlvcntcdrtJSIi, cntincl,hc UCV systcrlr.ho obots.txt rotocol nd/or thcr
l. inkcrl ln ccurity rc surcs n ordcr o cueirgcn thcirdata crapintsct ivi l ics.
34. I)urir lg his irrrc criod. he )oc I)oloDdanlsfoalcdhousandsl r) lolnbcrrccounls
(wi1h trl(c anles ndcontlcl nlbf lr i l t ion) ) ircocssndscli lpe rl i l l iom rnanyLirrkecllnnemb0l
proli lcs.
35. lDordcf o cl-ci l tcachandcvoryoncol-thcscakenrcrnber ccour)ts,hcDoc
l)elcndrnts ad o ag|cc o ahiclc y thc acocss nduse cstf icl ionsn Linkcdlns IJser gfccment,
\thich. irlur rrlrr. prolribit 'scrapirg,spidering, rawliDgor olhcr cchnologyor soliwarcused o
access atawithoul hc cxpress l- i l lcn onsel)t l LinkedlD r ls Mcmbers." nd ccluirehat
nTembcrsr.viLlnlymirintair neLirkedlnaccount tanygivcn inrc"and rvil l usc theirl cal
nameandonly providcaccumle nlbtmation to Linkcdln." 'l'heDoc Delindants knou'ingly
violated ach l ' thesc ccessnduse estrict ionsn cltgagingnthcir unlawl.L ollduot.
36. ln May andJune2013, he Doe Defendants ircumventcdFUSE wlich limits thc
volume ofactivity fbr each ndividualaccount by creatiDghousands fdiflerent ncrv membcr
accourts hrough hc useofvaious automatcd echnologies.Regislcringso many uniquenew
accounts llowcd he I)oc Dcfendantso view iTundrcds flhousandsofnrcmber profiles pcr day.
-7-(ioMPI-AlNt'
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37. At the samc ime, thc l)oc Del'cndallts lsocircumverted he UCV systetn y using
autornatedcchnologics o cgister housands ffikc memberaccor.lnts ithout triggeting he
UCV systcm'smposil ion f C,\P' lCIIAs. -l 'hcDoc Def nclantsrlso ircr,rmventedndbypassed
Linlcdln's robots.txt ile, which specilicallybansand s intcnded o prevcnt hc useol
unaulhorizcd ulomaleddatascrapingptogralnsandbols.
18. In early Seplcmbcr2011, hc l)oc l)el'enda|1tsgaii accesscd-inlicdln's wcbsire
nnd crrgagedn dittascraping hrough he uscofautontatcddatascrapingplogrants. n so doing.
the Doc DelindanlscircumvcntcdLinl(cdln'sScnlinelprogranl. \hich lirlits thc nunlberol-
succcssivccqucsls ade y an I l ' addrcssr sctoJ l) addresscs.hcyalso ircuntvcntedhc
frdlibit ionssct i)[h i Linl(cdln'sobols.rxti lc.
19. [ , i l lkcdln nil ial ly dcnri l icdhcDoc DclrJr]dantsl iscondUothcn t obscrvocllhrt
thousdndsl l irkcmcrnbcf ccountsadcollootivclyicwcdntany ncmbcfproll lcsn a shorl
pcriod l t inrc. , inkcdlndctcrmincclhat hcuscr ccountswcrc lkc allcrclose nspcctionl-
dccounl olai ls cvc.rlcdlciupaltcnls l auk)nlat ioD., inkcdlD bscrvcdhat hcaul(nnalcdots
lhalwerc'un,ringlrcsc akcaccouDts oul(lusccachaccoull(o viown snlallnumbcr l pl l) l i lcs.
thercby ypassingntlcircunrvcntiugjLlSlis pagc icw tcslrict ions.nd henwoLrldrovc on ()
thcncxt cgistercdcoounto vicw addit ional rol i les-
40. Linkedln onductcdr cxtensivenvcstigalionfthc I)oe )clenda nts' isconduct.
In lhccoufso f i ls nvcsligatiolr,1conlpilcd prcadshcctsrackinghe P addrcsscssed y the
Doc )elendants., inkedlnalso dellt i f icd rd catalogedl]e )oc I)ei indants' akenrcmbcr
proii les,hc numbcr f lcgit imatc rof i lcs iowed y each akcmcmber, nd hcdales nd imcsol'
theDoc Delendanls'activily on thc Linkedln \\,cbsite. ,inkcdln disabled hc ti*e DrcmDef
prolilcs and mplementcd dditional echnological al'eguardso protcclagainstunauthorized
acccss ()hc Linkedln site.
41. As a rcsult ofthis investigatio\ Linkedln dctct.mincdhat tlrc Doe Dcfirndants
accessed inkedln using a cioud computingplatlonnoltcred by AmazofiWeb Sen,iccs ,,AWS").
'fhis platform callcd ArnazonElasticComputcCllo[d or Amazon :C2 - allows users ikc the
Doe Delendantso rcnt virtual computcrs n which to rn their own computorprogmnlsand
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applications.AmazonEC2 provides esizable omputingcapacity. fhis fcatureallo\r'susers )
quickly scalecapacity,bothup and down. AmazonEC2 uscrsmay temporarily un hundrcds r
thousaldsofvirtual computingmachines.The Doc l)eftndontsuscdAmazonEC2 to create
virtual machineso run automatcd ots o scrapcdata 'romLinkcdln's *,ebsite.
42. As a result l DoeDelendants'scofAnrazon C2, t , inkcdln xpectso beable o
identify hc )oc I)cfcndantsy servinglt ird-pa(ydiscovc|y n AWS.a I-inkcdln ntendso li lc
nlotions o cxpcdite hesedi$corery requcsts.
Doc DclcndantsHavcCrusedand' l 'hrertcnOngoingand lrrcptrable Injury to Linkcdln
43. I ly cng.Lgiugn thc data crapingncidcnts cscribcd bovc,hc )oc )eiendunts
hayc auscd, nd fnol halledwil l ooDtinuco cause, ngoin iandrreparablcarnt 0Linkcdln, nr variely l *ays.
44. l hc hoLrsandsl l lke nlcnrbcr roll lcs reirtocly thc DoeDelcnd ntsdisrupt nd
dcgradc-inkcd)n's itcandscNiccs y rcducinghcaccuracynd nlcgri lyol thc nlbrmationhc
sitc corrlains. -inkcdln's nrcnlbcNcxpcct hc sitc to conlainaccuratc nd cgitirnatcprolcssi(nul
profl lcs nol usolessiot ions rolicdby ddtd crtpcrs.
45. lhc proscnccl l ir l(c rcnrbcr roli lcs lso rnpairscgit irnatcncmbcrs'abil i ty 0
idcnti lyvalidprofessidralcontncls.n pa(i0ular, ccause,inkcdln nables(snrcDrbcrso vicw
whichuscrs ave ie\\ .eclhcirproli les,egit intatc inkedln scrswhoscproli lcshavcbccn
viewed y a Doc )cfcnddnl singa fakcaccounlmaybc 0onlused r mislcdwhen heysec hatan
unknown,itkcmember as icwed heirproli lcs. ndced,, inkcdlnobscrlcd ome f i ts valid
members ltenpling to conncclwith these ikc nrember rofilcsafternoticiug hat hc fakc
accounlsudvielved hcirprofi lcs.
46. l his type of poliulion to thc Lil)l(cdlnnetwork, l nothaltcd, hreatens ngoilg and
irrcparableharm o the Dlegrityofrhe Linkedln platfonn and Linkcdln's repulalion.Linkedln
a.See ttp://portal.aws.amazon.corr/gplaws/htnl-forms-
controllcr/contactuvAWSAhuse#subpocna.sdetailingproceduresor scrviog hird-partydiscoveryon Amazon o obtain nformation elaling o "suspeclcd buscof AmaT-onllasticConpute Cloud(Amazon ,:C2)").
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also will suffcr ongoingand rreparablc ann o the valuc ofils consumer oodwill and rust,
*.hich Linkedln hasworkcd hard or ycars o carn rndmaintain, l the Doc l)cfcndants'conduct
continues.
47. Irurther, y pil l ir ing mcmbcr ato rom thcLinkedli site, hc )oc Deienclanls
misconducthrcatcnso degrade he aluo l l , inkcdln'sRecruiter roducL, hichLinkedlnhas
investcd ubst.rnt ial lyn ovcr hc ycars.Or information ndbclicf, heDoc Dclcndants,ho havc
irvested noncol-thcil ou,1l imc andrcsourccsnto developingand builcling he ,inkcdln platform.
havccngagcd n thcir scrapingactivitics |r an altempl o cstablislr ompcting ccruitingwcbsites
andusurpLinkcdln's {ccruiter Kxluct.
4t i.' lhe
DoeDelendants' r isconc|.rolrlso irs nposedsignit ioanltrr inb n
LinkcdJn's crvcrs,ncludinShroLlShhcuscol lutonlatcdechnoLogicso icw mauymt:rrrbcr
prof i lcs. ' lhcI)ocI)c lcndarl ts ' i l legi t inratcprol i lovicwsjmpaircdl , inl(cdln'sal) i l i ty todcdi
itsseNcrs ()suppor' l imghcactivi l ics l lcgit irnatc inkcdlnnrcnrbcrs.
4.). l . inkcdlnhi|s ul ' lcrcclr|nr o its compulcr yslcnrs,ndh s cxpcndod ignil icant
hunun. ina cial.and cchnologicalcsourccs,ncluding u ndrcds l hours l crnplo)ccimc,
invcsligatingncl cspondingo thc )ocL)clcnchots'rnlawlir lct ivi l ios,t a cost10 . inkcdln l '
Drorchon j;5,000.
rl l tsl Cl,AIM I, 'Oll Rll l , l l l l '
Computcr -raudand AbuscAct, l t l U.S.C. 1030 l scq.
50. Linliedln realleges nd rcorporatcsby ref'ercncc ll ol lhe prcccding aragraphs.
51. Linkcdln-s omputcrsndscrvcrs rc nvolvcd n iDlelslatcnd orcign onlrncrcc
andcommunicalion,ndareprotectedomlutefs ndcr18 U.S.C. 1030(e)(2).
52. Ou inlbrmationand beliel, he Doe l)cfcndantsklowingly and ntcntionall],
ilccesscd i|kgdln's computcrsand scrvelswithout aulhodzationor in exoess fthe aulhorization
permilledunderLinkedln's Uscr Agreenlent nd n circumventionofvadous tcchnicalbarriers
includingFUSF, Scntinel, he JCV systcm. hc robots.txtprotocol,aodadditiorral afeguards
Linkedln hasemployed o proteclLinkedln'scomputers nd scrvcrs rom unatrthodzed cccss.
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53. On nformation ndbelief, ffcrgaining nauthorircdcc€sso Linkcdln's
computersuldscruers,heDoeDcfcndarls btained ndused aluablenformatjonrom
Linkcdln'sprotectcdomputcrs ndseners n tlansaclionsnvolving nterstatc r forcign
communicationsr violation f 18U.S.C.S 1030(a)(2). his nfornrationncludes, mong thcr
things,hecontcnts lmany Lintcdln membcr rofiles, nd hisuse,on inlbrmation ndbeliet,
inuludcs.nrong lhcr hings. istributingh t contcnro6thcn,
5,1. l-lrcDoeDcfindants nowing)y, illf'ully. ndwithan ntent o dcfraud, cccsscd
Linkcdln's omputcrsnd crvcrs ithout uthorizationr n cxcessfauthorizationnd btaincd
valuablenlbrnratioDiom .inkedln'somputcrsnd clvershat, n nlbrrnationncl cl iel.hc
Doe )clcndautsscdo obluin omcthingl valucn violalionf l8 tJ.S.C. 1030(.rxa).55. Linkcdlihas uffercdarnagcnd oss y casonflhcsc iolations,ncluding,
withoutLinril{ti(nl ufin to Linkcdln's olnpulcr ystcms,xl)clrsesssooiatcdith bcing brccd
to nvcstigalcnd cspondo hcufl i lrrthorizodcccssnd busc l i ls computersno orvcrs,ulq
othcr osscs nddanlgc n anarnounlo bcprovcn t rial, n cxccss f$5.000aggrcgdtcdvcr r
orc yoar cfrod.
56. Inacldit ion,,inkedln as ullbrcdndwil l continueo sul' lerrreparablcarm, nd
ils rcmedyll law snot tsclladcquntco compcnsatct for injuriesnllictcdby thc )oc
Dclcndnts, AcootclingLy,inkedlnscnti l lcdo njunclivcciicl ' .
SIiCONDCI-AIM FOII RITLIEF
Crlifornir Comprohcnsivoomputer ccesstndFraudAct,Cal. 'er l Codc$502t scq.
57. Linkcclln callcgesnd icorporatcs y feiercncell ol theprooedingeLragraphs.
5ll. 'Ihc DoeDctbndanls rongfully blaincd ndused aluablenformationionr
Linkcdln's itc, sallcgedbovc.
59. TheDocDel'endantsnor,vingly,raudrrlcntly,ndwithoulpermissionccessedr
causcdo beaccessedinkedln's omputcrs,omputcr ystcms,nd/or omputer ctwork n
vrolrt iun l(hl. PcnrlCodcS502(c)(7).
60. TheDoeDefendantsnowingly, raudulcntly,ndwithoutpcrmissionook, opied
alrd nade seofdata,and iles iom Linkedhr's onputers, omputer ystems,nd/or omputer
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net$,orl(s,ncluding o wrongfully ontrol uch ata,n violation fCal. PcnalCode$ 502(cXl)
&(2).
61. lhc Doe Delendants norvingly, iaudulcntly,and rvithoul pcmrissiotr jsruptcdor
caLrsedhedisruption f l , inkedln'scomputcr crviceso authorizedsers l 'Linkedln's
compulgrs. olr]puter ystcors, nd/orcomputcrnctworks n violation of Cal. PenalCode
Ss02(c)(5).
62. As a dircct andproxinratc csultol'lllc Doc Delendants'unlawtirlconduct, hc Doe
Delendanls vc causcddamage o Linkedln n an anrounl o bc pro\.cnarl rial. Lil*edln is also
entit ledo fccovcr ts rcasonablcttomey'sccspufsuanto California'enalCodc$502(c).
63. L, iukecLlnclicvcshat heDoc )cicndants' clswcre vil l l ir land naliciousn thal
Delir ldants' ots cscfibed bovewcrcdonowith thcdclibemtcntcul1o ulprovc lrcDoc
I)cl indanls' LrsiDcssl Linkcdln's xpensc. inkcdJns thc|clbre nli t lccl )purl i l ivo arnagcs.
64. ln atldit ion.-inkedln as ull l . fcd nd 4il l continuc ( ' ul l ir i l fcpnrxblc arm, nd
ils rcnrcdy t lnw s nol lscl ladcquirtco conrpensc i l l i)r njr| l . icsnll ictcd y hc )oc
Dcl'cndants.ccordingly, inkcdlDs cntit lcclo ir, nct ivcrcl icl.
l t I l lU) cl,AIM IrOli Rlit , I l i l '
Viol l t iorts ol ' l 'bc l)igi(nl Mil lcDniumCopyrigh(Act, l7 U,S.C.S l2{)l ct scq.
65. l- inked)n eallcgesnd ncorporatcsy relcrencc l l ol thcprccoclingaragraphs.
66. l, inkcdlrr mploys alious ycrso1 cchnologicalro(ecliors including IJSE.
Scntincl,hc JCV systern,lheobots.txt rotocol, ndaddit ionalsafcguardsto prolect
l-inkedln's computers nd scrr'crs iom unaulhorized ccess. fhcsc lcchnologioal rotcction
neasures i1 otivelycontrol acccss o drecopyrightedmatedalson Linkedln's servers,ncluding
the Lini<edInwebsite.membcrprofile pages, rrd he Linkedh honcpageand news eed,and
plotcct Li )kcdln's exclusive ighls n thosccopyrightcdmarerials.
67. DespiteLinftedln's besrcllbrts to protect he Linkcdlr site iom the Doe
Dcfcndants'unaulhorized ccess,he Doc Defendanls ircunveuted ,inkcdln's tcchnological
safeguards ilcluding IUSE, SenliDel,he UCV system, hc robots.lxlprotocol,and additional
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safcguards andgajncdunauthorized ccesso i,inkedln's copyrightcd laterials, ncluding
wilhout imitat ionhecopyrighled inkcdlnwcbsite,Dviolat ion)1 7 U.S.C. l20l(a).
68. As a resl l olthc Doc Dei'erldants'.ronglulacts, Linledln hassr.rffered.s
conlinuingo sul' fer, ndwil l continueo sullcrdarnagcso beprovcnal tr ial. Linkcdln s urther
cntitlcd io all plollls attribulable o llre Doe Dcfcndants'$ronglul actsb be provenat trial.
Alternatively,pon ls eleolion t any iolc bclofe ln al udgmcnts cnLercd., inkcdln s enlit lcdo
tccover latulu damagesi om theDoeDclcndarls ursuor'r l0 7 lJ.S.C. is 20J br each rol l
circunrvcnlionommilted y thc )oc Dcfcndarnts.
69. lhc I)oeDelendintscircumvclrt ionslsohavc auscd inkcdln lrcparablelrn.
lJl l lesseslraincdndenjolncd.hc [)oc )c]cndanls i l l conlinuo o olnmilsrich cts.
l, inkcdln's enrcdicsl Ia$,arc ()ladcqllatc) conrpcnsalet lor thcsc nll iclcdand hrc tcncd
injul ics, nd hus , inkcdln s 0ntit ledo injunctivc cLicfas rr)vidcd y l7 t l .S.C.-s
1203.
I. 'OUIt l ' I I CI,AIM I-OR ItI |I , IEF
llrcach of Col|ar{ct
70. Linkcdln callcgcs nd ncoqrol 'atcsy |clc|cncc l l of thcp|cceding arirgraphs.
7t . t jsc ofthe l- i l l l (ccl ln cbsitc ndusool l- inkoclln crvioos rcgoverDcdy al)d
subjcct o thc [JscrAgrccnrcnt.
12. Ljnkcdlnmeurbcrsrcprcsctrtcd ith hc ]scfAgfcemcnl ndmuslall lrmativcly
accepthc JscrAgrcenrcnlo rcgistcrbf a l, inkcclln ccounl.
1]. At al l rclcva|t inres. inkcdlnalsopr-orninentlyisplaycd l ink to the iscr
Agreemenl u Linkedln's ontepage.
71. l he Doc DcfcndantscccsscdhcLinkedlnwcbsile rnd t l irnativelyacccltcd nd
agrccd o the UserAgrccmcnt o, amongolhcr things,crcatc lre ake nrcmbcrprolilcsthal cnabled
theDoe Deilndants o access inkedln userprofilesand scrape dta 'romLinkedln's \.vcbsile.
75. Ihe User Agrccmcnt s cnforceablc ndbiudingon the Doc Dcfcndanls.
'76. 'l'heDoe Delendantsepeatedly ccesscdhe Linkcdlnwcbsitewith knowledgeof
the Uscr Agrccmenrandall ol'its prohibitions. Dcspite heir knowledgeol'thc UserAgrccmcnt
and ts prohibitions. he )oc l)clendantsauoesscd ndcontinue1() cccss he Linkcdln website o,
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amongothcr hings, scrape, rawl, or useotherautomatedcchnologyor softuarc o gainaccesso
the Linkedtn *cbsitc without theconscntof Linkedln. Moreovcr, hc Doe Defendantsmaintaincd
morc thanone account indeed, housa[dsol'accounts)at anygiventimc. anddid notprovide heir
real namcsor provide accurale nformation1o ,inkedln.
11. l,inkedln hasbeenunable o contacl hc Doc De|nddnts to dcmand hat theycease
.1nd esist heir data scrapingand othcr -inkcdln-relatcd clivitiesbccause inkedll1docs tot
know he deDti l ies lthc Doc Dcttndants.
78. l'hc l)oc Del'endants' ctions,us dcscribed bovc,havewillfully, repeatedly,urd
systenlatically reachedhe User Agreen'lcnt.
'19.Linkcdlnhaspcrformcd ll ooldit ions, ovcnanls,ndpromiscscquircd f i t in
accordancc ,ith thc User Aglccmcnt.
80. 'l'hc I)oc Dcfcndants' onducthasdanragcd,inkcdln, andcauscd nd continucs10
causcncparablc nd ncalculablcarmand niury o l, inkcdln.
81. l- irkcdln scrl l i l lcd o irt iunctivcclicl.cornpcnsaloryanla8cs,nd/or thcr
cquitrblc elicl.
FIFTTICI,AIM FOR RI'LIEF
'[ rcsptrss
82. Linkcdln callcgcs nd noolporatcsy relercncc l l of theprecedingafagraphs.
81. ' l ' l lcl)oc I)clcndantsntcntionally,nclwilhoutauthofization,cccsscclaud
interacted ith , inkcdln, rcludilrgwithoul inl i tat ion,, inkcdln'swebsitc, ompuler ystcDlsnd
setvcts.
84. The Doe Delendants'aooesso l,inkedln and he nibrmationcontained hcrcin
rcquired he Doe Delendants o abidcby thc [JserAgrccmenl. By violating he ermsofthc Uscr
Agreement, nd I-inkcdln's express ffons to combat heir activitics, he Doe Defbndants
unla*firlly gainedaccesso and ntcrl'ered Dd ntermeddlcdwifh Linkedln, ts websile, omputcr
systcms, nd ts servers.
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85. 'l he Doe Defcndanls'unauthorizgdnterlerencewith and accesso l-inkcdln, ts
wcbsite,computcrsystems, nd ts seNcrs,anong othcr'halms, educes ,inkcdln's capacity o
service ts uscrsbccauset occupies ndusesLinkedln's resources.
86. 'lhe DoeDefcndants' onductconstitutesrespasshat ha$harmedand will
continuco hamr , inkedln.As a result., inkccllDasbeen ndwil l continuco bedamagcd.
87. l,irtl<cdln assufl'erecl ndwill continue o sui'ier rreparahlchamr,and ts rencdy
at law is not itscll adequateo conlpcnsatet ibr injuries nilicted by the l)oc l)ctcnclants.
Accordingly., inkcdln s eDlit lcdo injurrct ivcclict ' .
sIXl ' t t cl.AlM t'oR ttELIItF
MisnDpropriat ion88. Linkccilncallcgcsnd ncoryoratcsy rclcrcnccrl lol lhc prcccding alagraphs.
t39. t . iDkodln as nvestcd ubstantialime,abof, ki l l , ncl ir)oncialcsoufcesnto hc
crcation ndnraintonilncel l , iDkcdln,tscornplitcrystcms udscncrs, ncluding yslcm ud
scn'cr capacily, s wcll as thc contcnl on thc I-inkcdln websilc, vhich is tinrcscnsilir.e.
90. Wilhoutauthorizatior,hc )oc )clandants rongll l ly cccsscd inkcdln's
wcbsilc, omputcr yslcnrsnd scf\,cls. ndobtaiDcdirla roul hc Linkcdlnsitcwithouthaving
to rnokehc substiLDLialrlvcsl,ncntn t in1c,irbof, ki l l ,and inancialcsourccsradc y LinkcdlD.
g L On nli)rnldt ionndbelicl, hc )oc )cf indants ompctowith , inkcdln ndhavc
nradcor itrlend o nr.rke ata 'rom he Linkcdln sitc availablc o thcir riustonrcrs nd othcl third
part ics.As such. hc )oc )cl_endants'scol-l, inkedln's omputcr ystcnls ndservcrs,ncluding
syslemandscNcr oi]paoity, s well asdirta iom lhe Linl(edln si1c, onstilulesiee ridingon
Lirkeclln's ubstanlialnvestmcnlf l imc,cl lbrt,andexpense.
92. As a rcsult f this misdppropriat ion,hc DocDcfendants rongfully ompete,
and-/or nableothcrs o compete, ,ith Linkcdln, and Linkcdln hasbeen brced o cxpend
additional imc and resourccs,ncludingbut not limited to, nvestigating nd respondingo the
Doc Dclendants'activil.ies.
93. LiDkcdlnhasbeenand rvill oonlinue o be danagedas hc rcsult ofthe Doc
Defendan{s' ctso misappropdation.
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94. Linkcdlnhas uffered ndwill continueo sufcr ineparablcnjury,and ts remedy
at a$'isnot tselfadequateo comperNatet fbr injuriesnflictedby theDoeDefendants.
PRAYERT'ORRELIEF
WIIEREFORE, inkedlnprays hatjudgment c e ered n its avorandagainst
theDocDcf'cndanls,s bllowsr
1. A preliminarl,njunction ndpermancrltnjunclion njoinilgand
rcstrainingll DoeDefendants,heiremployecs,eprescntatives,gents,ndall personsr cntities
actingn conccrtwith thcmduring hependcncyfthis action nd herealler crpetuallyiom
accessingI usingLinkedln'swcbsjtc or any0onmercial ulposewhatsoever,
2. An ordcr c<luiringheDoeDcfcndantso dcstroy ll documents,ata, nd
othcr tems, lcclronic r olherwisc,n thcirpossession,ustody, r control,hatwcrcwroDgfully
copiediorr l ., inkedln'sebsitc,
3. An award o Linkedlnof rcstitution rd damagcs,nch.tdirrg,utnot imited
to. compcnsatory,tatutory,reble amages,|rdpunitive amagcs,spcrrnitled y aw;
4. An awardo Linkcdlr l i lsoosts fsuit, ncluding,utnot imiled o,
reosonablcllorDey's'bcs, spermitted y aw; 1d
5. Sucholher cliefas hcCourtdeemsjust ndpropcr.
DIiMANDTOR.'URYTIIIAL
LinkcdlnTerebycmandsjury rialolall ssuesn theabovc-captionedctionhatare
triablco ajury.
DATED:January, 2014 MLINGEI{, OLLF]S OLSON
Altomeysfor Linkedln Coryortation