Download - Ling 566 Oct 19, 2009
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2003 CSLI Publications
Ling 566Oct 19, 2009
How the Grammar Works
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2003 CSLI Publications2
Overview
•What we’re trying to do
•The pieces of our grammar
•Two extended examples
•Reflection on what we’ve done, what we still have to do
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•Objectives
•Develop a theory of knowledge of language
•Represent linguistic information explicitly enough to distinguish well-formed from ill-formed expressions
•Be parsimonious, capturing linguistically significant generalizations.
•Why Formalize?
•To formulate testable predictions
•To check for consistency
•To make it possible to get a computer to do it for us
What We’re Trying To Do
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•The Components of Our Grammar
•Grammar rules
•Lexical entries
•Principles
•Type hierarchy (very preliminary, so far)
• Initial symbol (S, for now)
•We combine constraints from these components.
•Q: What says we have to combine them?
How We Construct Sentences
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A cat slept.
•Can we build this with our tools?
•Given the constraints our grammar puts on well-formed sentences, is this one?
An Example
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• Is this a fully specified description?
•What features are unspecified?
•How many word structures can this entry license?
Lexical Entry for a
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• Which feature paths are abbreviated?
• Is this a fully specified description?
• What features are unspecified?
• How many word structures can this entry license?
Lexical Entry for cat
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Effect of Principles: the SHAC
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2003 CSLI Publications
Description of Word Structures for cat
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Description of Word Structures for a
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Building a Phrase
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Constraints Contributed by Daughter Subtrees
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Constraints Contributed by the Grammar Rule
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A Constraint Involving the SHAC
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Effects of the Valence Principle
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Effects of the Head Feature Principle
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Effects of the Semantic Inheritance Principle
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Effects of the Semantic Compositionality Principle
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Is the Mother Node Now Completely Specified?
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Lexical Entry for slept
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Another Head-Specifier Phrase
HSR
SHAC
Val Prin
HFP
SIP
SCP
Key
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2003 CSLI Publications
Is this description fully specified?
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Does the top node satisfy the initial symbol?
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RESTR of the S node
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Another Example
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Head Features from Lexical Entries
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Head Features from Lexical Entries, plus HFP
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2003 CSLI Publications
Valence Features: Lexicon, Rules, and the Valence Principle
Lexicon
Val. Prin.
Rules
Key
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2003 CSLI Publications
Required Identities: Grammar Rules
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2003 CSLI Publications
Two Semantic Features: the Lexicon & SIP
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RESTR Values and the SCP
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An Ungrammatical Example
What’s wrong with this sentence?
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An Ungrammatical Example
What’s wrong with this sentence?So what?
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An Ungrammatical Example
The Valence Principle
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An Ungrammatical Example
Head Specifier Rule
←contradiction→
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Exercise in Critical Thinking
•Our grammar has come a long way since Ch 2, as we've added ways of representing different kinds of information:•generalizations across categories
•semantics
•particular linguistic phenomena: valence, agreement, modification
•What else might we add? What facts about language are as yet unrepresented in our model?
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Overview
•What we’re trying to do
•The pieces of our grammar
•Two extended examples
•Reflection on what we’ve done, what we still have to do
•Next time: Review