Download - Lighting Control Solutions for Daylit Spaces
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Welcome to Watt Stopper/Legrand’s
Lighting Control Solutions for Daylit Spaces Webinar!
Today’s presenter is Dorene Maniccia, LC, LEED AP
www.wattstopper.com
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Lighting Control Solutions for
Daylit Spaces
1.5 LU AIA CES/HSW
1.5 LEU’s (NCQLP)
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This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation. Thank you!
Watt Stopper/Legrand is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request.
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Learning Objectives
How architectural daylighting design decisions can help or inhibit daylight penetration and occupant comfort in buildingsHow to circuit electric lighting systems that work with daylit buildingsHow to design daylight-responsive lighting control systems that save energy and can be commissioned without disturbing occupantsHow to integrate these three components to optimize occupant comfort and energy benefits
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Part I.Daylight Benefits
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Daylight Benefits
VisionHealthProductivityEnergy
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Daylight Benefits Vision
UV (100-400 nm) Light (400-760 nm) IR (>760 nm)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Graphic: GE Lighting
80% of our neural fibers transmit signals to the visual cortex for vision
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Daylight Benefits Health
Cyclical light/dark exposure• Circadian rhythms• Improves sleep quality• Can mitigate Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)• Improves night time alertness• Stimulates immune system function• Hormone production/Thyroid regulation
UVB Exposure• Vitamin D production• Regulates amt of calcium and phosphorus in the blood
Daylight: The free homeopathic med
20% of the neural fibers send their signals to the brain and other areas of the body
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Daylight Benefits Productivity
Classrooms with maximum daylight compared to norm produced 26% increase in reading scores, 20% increase in mathWell-designed skylights produced highest improvementPoorly-designed skylights actually reduced reading test performance!
Photo: SunOpticsSalida Middle School, CA
Heschong Mahone Group (www.h-m-g.com)
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Daylight Benefits Energy
Control electric lighting in response to daylightAvailability coincides with peak electric demand
OSI Two F32 T8Lighting Energy Use ReductionsNeptune School - 10% reductionNRG Systems - 40% reduction
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Part II. Linking architectural daylighting design with electric lighting systems
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Daylight-responsive Control SystemsWhat Do I Need to Consider?
Daylight Illuminance – How much and when?Electric Lighting Design and Circuiting to Enable Effective ControlControl StrategyPhotosensor Performance CharacteristicsOccupant Control NeedsCode ComplianceInstallation, Set-up, and Commissioning
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Architectural design strategies
SidelightingView windowClerestoriesLight Shelves
ToplightingCentralizedPatternedWall washing
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Side lighting Big Influencers on Daylight Illuminance
Window areaOrientationGlass TransmittanceGlass ColorOverhangs/louvers
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Window Geometry Effect
2 Punch windows
Continuous windows
VS.
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2 Punch Windows – Facing North
• June 20• Overcast• Noon• Τvis ~0.70
50 fcN
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What a difference a window makes
June 20OvercastNoonΤvis ~0.70
50 fcN
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On a Clear Day…..
June 20ClearNoonΤvis ~0.70
50 fcN
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Electric lighting design principles
Independent ambient lightingLighting on the teaching wall(s)Enable simple, effective controlEnable circuiting that’s not labor intensive
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Control StrategiesDo I switch or dim?
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Control Strategy Overview
•Offices•Classrooms•Other task critical spaces
•Cost•Additional control wiring (0-10 VDC)
•Smooth light level transition•Flicker-free dimming•100% - 10% -fluorescent•Added energy savings
Dimming
•Lobbies•Corridors•Cafeteria•Gymnasiums•Outdoor lighting
•Abrupt light level changes•Color shift in metal halide
•Low cost•Simple wiring•Added energy savings
Step Switching
•Outdoor lighting
•Abrupt light level changes
•Low cost•Simple wiring
On/Off
ApplicationsLimitationsBenefitsStrategy
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Photosensors What do I need to know?
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Photosensor Anatomy 101Low-voltage control signal wiring to ballast or controller
PhotocellHousing
Lens
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What dictates system performance?
InfluencersThe Lens - spatial acceptance The Photodiode• Photocell type• Spectral sensitivity
The circuitry• Control signal match with ballast
P
Photosensors detect illuminance at the photosensor, not at the desk!
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The Lens - Spatial Acceptance“Field of view” - Closed Loop
Sensitive to reflectance changesReflectance changes less impactMore sensitive to light at higher angles
0°
90°
Courtesy of NLPIP, RPI Lighting Research CenterSource: Specifier Reports: Photosensors, October 2007
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Spatial Sensitivity Examples
Courtesy of NLPIP, RPI Lighting Research CenterSource: Specifier Reports: Photosensors, October 2007
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The PhotodiodePhotocell Type
Is the photocell photodiode or photoconductive?
FairGood – Typically filtered
Spectral response
Response not linear with light level
Linear response over wide range of light
levels
Light level response
Not stable over time/exposure
Stable over time and temperature variations
Performance consistency
Photoconductive(Cadmium Sulfide)
Photodiode (Silicon)
Adapted from: Specifier Reports: Photosensors, October 2007RPI Lighting Research Center
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The Photodiode Spectral Response
Courtesy of NLPIP, RPI Lighting Research CenterSource: Specifier Reports: Photosensors, October 2007
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CdS Sensivity Over Time
Courtesy of NLPIP, RPI Lighting Research CenterSource: Specifier Reports: Photosensors, October 2007
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Ballast A
Ballast B
Ballast C
Dimming Ballast Performance
Courtesy of NLPIP, RPI Lighting Research CenterSource: Specifier Reports: Photosensors, October 2007
Photosensor input to ballast
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Pulling it all together
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How do I design the system?Main principles
Determine daylight illuminanceElectric lighting design laid out to supplement daylightDim or switch?Determine zoning
DaylightManual control
Circuit accordinglyManual overridesComply with code
Daylit Zone 1 Daylit Zone 2
aa S bS c
b
c
SDa
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Sidelighting – View Window“Get what I can”
Vertical glazing at eye level that provides view to exteriorTypically single zone dimming control
d1.5 d
1212’’ to 15to 15’’ for 8for 8’’ and and 1010’’ heightsheights
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Classroom – Single Zone Control
Dim row adjacent to windowBi-level switching for manual overrideOccupancy sensor for automatic-off
a,bc,d
a,b
a,b
a,b
a,b
a,b
a,b
a,b
c,d
c,d
c,d
S b,d
S a,c
Teacher’s Desk
JPP
Photosensor
Daylit Zone
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Continuous DimmingInterior Closed Loop
CircuitBreaker
Photosensor looks into Space
Luminaires with 0-10V Dimming Ballasts
Luminaires not dimmed
Photocell Looks IntoSpace
Changes Light Level in Space
Since Light Level has changed, Photocell sends new command
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Wiring DiagramContinuous Dimming
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Sidelighting – Light Shelves
Improve daylight penetration and distributionBlock direct sun
Typically enable multi-zone dimming control
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Open Office – Lightshelf
Winter
Summer
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Continuous DimmingInterior Open Loop
CircuitBreaker
Photosensor looks out
windowor skylight
Luminaires with 0-10V dimming ballast
Luminaires not dimmed
Photocell Looks Out Window
Changes Light Level in Space
1 2
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Open OfficeLightshelf
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NRG Systems – LEED-NC Gold
Project InfoLocation: Hinesburg, VT Building type(s): Commercial office/Indust/NC46,500 sq. feet , 3-story building, Rural setting Completed August 2004 Rating: U.S. Green Building Council LEED-NC, v.2/v.2.1--Level: Gold (44 points)
Project GoalsMinimize energy useMaximize use of renewables
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NRG Systems – Lighting Control Strategies
StrategiesDaylight-responsive controls in office areas and warehousesMulti-zone dimmingOccupancy sensors for auto-off (interior and exterior)Manual-on control
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NRG – Warehouse Photos
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NRG – Estim Annual Energy CostsResults
0.77 W/sq. ft - lighting~44% less than 90.1-2001
40% reduction in daytime lighting energy use72% of energy used from renewables
Solar, wind, wood pellets
Costs$7.83 Million project8.21% premium ($643,000)
72% - renewables28% - LEED cost premium ($3.93/sq. ft)
Estim $4-8 Million saving over the 30-40 yr life span of bldg
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Top lighting – Patterned
Zones can be large as long as there is consistent:
Ceiling heightType of skylightSpacing of skylightInterior finishesInterior useBuildings Shadowing Roof
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Top Lighting ExampleWarehouse Bulk Storage Area
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Daylight Illuminance at Floor
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM
Time of the day
Ave
rage
illu
min
ance
(fc)
Graph 1 - Average daylight and target illuminance over time
Grey area indicates times when the design illuminance level is met or exceeded
June 21 - Clear
Dec. 22 - Clear
June 21 - Overcast
Dec. 22 - Overcast
30 fc target electric lighting level
Transmittance = 65%3.8% roof area
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Daylight + 1 lamp ON
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM
Time of the day
Ave
rage
illu
min
ance
(fc)
Graph 4 - Average daylight illuminance plus 1 lamp ON (2 lamps off)
Grey area indicates times when the design illuminance level is met or exceeded June 21 - Clear
Dec. 22 - Clear
June 21 - Overcast
Dec. 22 - Overcast
30 fc target electric lighting level
Transmittance = 65%3.8% roof area
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Daylighting Controller
Wiring DiagramSwitching individual ballasts On/Off
N
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2 level step – Individual Ballasts
*based upon 1- and 2-lamp T8, 277v
Ballast
Ballast
PP
Photosensor
time
% L
ight
Out
put
100%
66%
33%
50 fc
15 fc
89 W
30 W
Ballast
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Top lighting example - GymnasiumRoof Monitors provide ample daylight illuminanceHi-bay lighting
Step-switch if CFL or T5HOHi/lo if HID
Can control large lighting zonesBe sure to sub zone if partitioned space
Durant Middle School, NCInnovative Design - Architects
Light monitors provide diffuse light
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Hi/Lo Control of Metal Halide2 level step (step-switching)
time
% L
ight
Out
p ut 100%
40%
50 fc
20 fc
100%
~60%
Pow
er
Hi/Lo Module
May go as low as 30%
May go as low as 15%
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Top lighting example – GymnasiumSingle Zone – Metal Halide Hi/Lo
Control Zone
Low voltage control wiring from photosensor to Hi/Lo control modules
Branch circuit wiring
Skylight
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Top lighting example – GymnasiumTwo Zones – Metal Halide Hi/Lo
Control Zone 1
Low voltage control wiring from photosensor to Hi/Lo control modules
Branch circuit wiring
Skylight Control Module
Control Zone 2
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Top lighting – Centralized
High light levelsBlock direct sun
Balanced daylight penetrationUniform distribution
BafflesBaffles
Light monitorLight monitor
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Top lighting – Centralized exampleSmith Middle School
Architect – Corley Redfoot Zack, Inc.Daylighting Design – Innovative DesignConsulting Engineer – Reece, Noland & McElrathCase Study – Lighting Research Center, Daylight Dividends Program
Photo: Lighting Research Center, Smith School Case Study
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Smith School ClassroomArchitectural Daylighting Features
Light Shelf
http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/index.asp
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Smith School ClassroomInterior View
http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/index.asp
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Smith School ClassroomElectric Lighting Control System
Monitor Lighting
Front Parabolics
Perimeter Parabolics
http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/index.asp
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Smith School – Results
ROI = 4 years
~20%Heating load increase (DOE-2)
$1.23/ft2Additional cost (Incl structure, glazing, light shelves, finishes and ltg controls)
~26%Total electricity reduction(DOE-2)(lighting and HVAC)
~19%Peak cooling load reduction (DOE-2)
~60%Cloudy & partly cloudy days
~85%Sunny days
Measured ltg energy reduction confirmation
~ 64% Lighting energy reduction (DOE-2)
http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/index.asp
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Smith School Daylight Benefits
Teacher Satisfaction
“When I came to work at this school, I thought I had died and gone to heaven.”
“a natural upper” for the students
Administrative benefitsHappy teachersImproved building energy performanceRecruitment
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Getting it to work…
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Design and Specify with Commissioning in Mind
Well-documented construction and as-built documents
Device locationsLocations for measuring target illuminanceCalibration settings for each room/systemInclude time-of-day and dates
Calibration and set up should be from a convenient location (not the ceiling), or using a hand-held remote
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Include a Pre-Startup MeetingIdentify Commissioning Process, site access needs and playersConfirm photosensor locationsReview system design intent and intended operationReview manufacturers instructionsConfirm daylight illuminance levelsFirst pass at identifying the “sweet spot”Gauge the size of the daylighting system…
A single photocell system in a gym? orMultiple daylight dimming sensors in classrooms around the perimeter of a school building?…Confirm sensor calibration steps (day and night?)
Confirm that all furnishings are installed and lighting system is installed and operating
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Remember: The “sweet spot” is not typically beneath the photosensor
Successful operation depends upon commissioning to set up a relationship between “what the photosensor sees” and illuminance at a “target” location
Plan View
Target
Target
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Slam dunk control solutionsSide lighting
Classroom/OfficeDim row adjacent to window if view windowConsider 2 or 3 zone dimming for spaces designed to optimize daylight penetration
Hallway/CorridorOn/Off or Hi/Lo control
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Slam dunk control solutionsTop lighting
Gymnasium/Multipurpose/Warehouses
Hi/Lo for HID lightingOn/Off or step-dim for clustered fluorescent lamps
ClassroomMultizone dimming
• Provide separate zone for teaching walls
• Individually zone ambient lighting
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Key Questions for Success1. Is the building designed for maximizing daylight
penetration, or are we “getting what we can?”2. Do I have adequate daylight illuminance to warrant
lighting control?3. Are the light fixtures circuited to facilitate control?4. Have I provided separate control zones for
teaching areas and/or display walls?5. Have I provided the necessary manual override
controls? (lighting and windows)6. Am I controlling the system in a manner that will
not disturb occupants?7. Have I complied with energy codes?8. Have I considered start up and commissioning?
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ResourcesCalifornia Energy Commission PIER Program
http://www.energy.ca.gov/pier/index.htmlCollaborative for High Performance Schools
www.chps.netDaylighting Collaborative
http://www.daylighting.org/National Lighting Product Information Program (NLPIP)
http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/NLPIP/index.aspLighting Research Center
www.lrc.rpi.eduIlluminating Engineering Society of North America
www.iesna.orgLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
http://www.lbl.gov/ and http://windows.lbl.gov/Lighting calculation software
AGI – www.lightinganalysts.comLumen Designer - www.lighting-technologies.com
Naomi Miller Lighting Designwww.nmlightingdesign.com
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This concludes the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Program
Questions?
Thank you for your time!
Dorene Maniccia, LC, LEED [email protected]
For additional information: www.wattstopper.com
1-800-879-8585