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Light Pollution
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Sky Glow
•Waste of light
IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA Dark Skies
Awareness
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Sky Glow
•Nocturnal animals disrupted by the abnormal night lighting▫Sea turtles
IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA Dark Skies
Awareness
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Sky Glow
•Some studies suggest human health is negatively affected ▫Disrupted circadian rhythms
IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA Dark Skies
Awareness
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Negative Impact on Wildlife
•Animals and plants live by a rhythm based on a 24 hour cycle
•Interferes with migration, mating, foraging for food, and sleep
IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA Dark Skies
Awareness
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Sky Glow
•Loss of starry skies
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Spillover
•Light falling where not intended or needed ▫Light trespass
IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA Dark Skies
Awareness
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Glare
•High levels of glare can decrease visibility
IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA Dark Skies
Awareness
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IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA
Dark Skies Awareness
•Security concern
Glare
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Inefficiency•Cost of useless light
IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA
Dark Skies Awareness
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Lighting
VOLT: the force that moves electricity▫Like water pressure
•240 volts for heavy appliances
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Lighting
120 volts for house voltage
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Lighting
12 volts is low voltage and safe
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Lighting
CURRENT or AMPERAGE: the flow of electricity▫Like water flow
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Lighting
•Watts are a measure of POWER▫Volts x Current = Watts
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Lighting
•Lumen is a measure of light▫As perceived by the human eye
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Cost of Lighting
•12v, 10w halogen: 200 lumens•12v, 1w LED: 50 lumens
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Types of Lamps▫Incandescent▫Fluorescent▫Light Emitting Diode (LED)
IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA
Dark Skies Awareness
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Incandescent•Heat a tiny coil of tungsten
metal inside a glass bulb to produce light▫90% heat▫10% light
•Short lives
IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA
Dark Skies Awareness
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Fluorescent•Electric current
conducted through tube of mercury and argon gases▫No filament
•3x to 4x more efficient than incandescent
•10x longer life
IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA
Dark Skies Awareness
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Fluorescent•Require energy boost
from ballast, or starter, to initially move arc across tube
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Fluorescent•The moving electrons collide with
mercury atoms in the tubes to make ultraviolet light▫Require appropriate disposal▫http://www.epa.gov/cfl/cflcleanup.html
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IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA
Dark Skies Awareness
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Fluorescent
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LED
Light emitting diodes •Don't have filament
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Awareness
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LED
Light emitting diodes • Illuminated by
movement of electrons in semiconductor material
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Awareness
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LED
•Drivers regulate power to bulb•Often built into the fixture (like
fluorescent ballasts)
IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA Dark Skies
Awareness
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Efficiency Comparison
•Incandescent: 10 lumens / watt•Fluorescent: 40 lumens / watt•LED: 90 lumens / watt
• Energy efficient
IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA
Dark Skies Awareness
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Light Pollution Solutions
•Minimize interim light use with timers and motion detectors
IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA
Dark Skies Awareness
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Light Pollution Solutions
•Shine lights down, not up
IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA
Dark Skies Awareness
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•Fixtures that are fully shielded▫IDA Fixture Seal of Approval program
Light Pollution Solutions
IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA Dark Skies
Awareness
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Shielded Luminaires
IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA Dark Skies
Awareness
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How shielded lighting reduces glare• The image below is a test
site for fully shielded street lights. To the right; the same lights shown in comparison to the un-shielded existing lights.
IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA Dark Skies
Awareness
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Fully shielded lighting at an airport
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Awareness
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International Dark Sky Initiative Lighting that is exempt from these
regulations:• Lighting in swimming pools and other water features governed by Article 680
of the National Electrical Code.• Exit signs and other illumination required by building codes.• Lighting for stairs and ramps, as required by the building code.• Signs are regulated by the sign code, but all sign lighting is recommended to
be fully shielded.• Holiday and temporary lighting (less than thirty days use in any one year).• Football, baseball, and softball field lighting; only with permit from the
authority recognizing that steps have been taken to minimize glare and light trespass, and utilize sensible curfews.
• Low voltage landscape lighting, but such lighting should be shielded in such a way as to eliminate glare and light trespass
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IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA
Dark Skies Awareness
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IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA
Dark Skies Awareness
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IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA
Dark Skies Awareness
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Cost of Lighting
Cost estimator•http://www.citytrf.net/costs_calculator.ht
m•Kilowatt-hour (kWh)
▫1000 watts used for an hour▫About $0.12 per kWh
•Running a 1000-watt appliance for 1 hour▫1 kWh
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Cost of Lighting
•SCE&G▫$0.115 kWh
•Pond pump (340 watts) 0.33 kWh in an hour
•0.33 x 0.115 = $0.038 per hour•24 hours x 0.038 = $0.91 per day•30 days x 0.91 = $27.32
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Cost of Lighting
•Small pond pump•0.01 kWh in 2 hours•0.005 kWh per hour•0.005 x $0.115 = $0.00058 per hour•X 24 hours = 0.014
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Cost of Lighting
Landscape lights, 130W•0.13 kWh per hour•130W x $0.115 = $0.015•130W x 4 hours a night = $0.06•130W x 30 days = $1.80 a month
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Cost of Lighting
•Christmas lights, 100W▫(1 strand)
•0.035 kHw per hour•100W x 0.115 = $0.004•100W x 10 strands = $0.04•100W x 6 hours = $0.24 a night•100W x 30 days = $7.20 a month
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Cost of Lighting
•Refrigerator, 1.37 kWh per 16.5 hours•0.083 kWh per hour•$.0095 per hour•$0.23 per day•$6.87 per month
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Cost of Lighting
•Computer station at home•1.81 kWh / 15 hours
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•http://buildingdashboard.net/wakeforest/#/wakeforest/
IDA in Partnership with NOAO, NSF and IYA
Dark Skies Awareness