Download - Lifespan Chapter 2 A Online Stud
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Chapter 2The Start of Life: Genetics and Prenatal
Development
© 2006 Pearson Education/Prentice-Hall Publishing
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Heredity
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Heredity
• The human genetic code is transferred by gametes.– Sperm– Ova
• The sex cells from the mother and father that form a new cell at conception (aka sperm and ovum).
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Heredity
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Fertilization = sperm + ovum (the gametes) = one set of paired chromosomes = single new cell, a zygote.
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• The 23rd chromosome determines the sex of the child.– Females are XX.
– Males are XY.
– The FATHER’s sperm determines the sex of the child.
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• Monozygotic/DizygoticSome Terms to Remember
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• Concordance rateSome Terms to Remember
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Sandra Scarr: Genetics can influence environment in 3 ways:
1. Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment effects - children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating
2. Passive genotype-environment effects - parents raise children in the way in which they are comfortable
3. Evocative genotype-environment effects - child’s characteristics elicit certain types of environments
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• Dominant/Recessive [next]• Genotype – genetic material• Phenotype – observable• Gregor Mendel
Some Terms to Remember
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b BB bb bB B
MotherB b
FatherB b
b
B
Blond hair
Brown hair
How Brown-Haired Parents Can Have a Blond-Haired Child
The gene for blond hair is recessive.
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Some Genetic Disorders
Down Syndrome
Sickle-Cell Anemia
Tay-Sachs
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
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Behavioral Genetics
• How behavioral disorders may have a genetic basis (e.g., schizophrenia).
• How genetic defects may be remedied.• The inheritance patterns of genetic
disorders.• How physically damaged genes
contribute to genetic disorders.• Gene therapy, genes to correct a
particular disease are injected into a patient’s bloodstream
• Germ-line gene therapy, genetic modifications can correct problems for unborn AND future generations
• Cloning
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The Start of LifeAlternate forms of fertilization
(Reproductive Technology)
Artificial Insemination
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The Start of LifeAlternate forms of fertilization
(Reproductive Technology)
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Eggs are harvested from the woman’s ovaries, fertilized in the lab, and then deposited in the uterus
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The Start of LifeAlternate forms of fertilization
(Reproductive Technology)
Gamete intrafallopian transfer
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The Start of LifeAlternate forms of fertilization
(Reproductive Technology)
Zygote intrafallopian transfer(~ IVF + GIFT)
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Success Rates of Three Different Assisted Reproduction Techniques
0
10
20
30
40
29.2%31%
24.5%
ZIFTIVF GIFT
There is little variation in success rates based on couples’ ages.
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This single cell is transformed into a person by the human genetic code.
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Zygote
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The Start of Life The Onset of Development
Germinal Stage(first two weeks)
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Germinal disc 0.8 hours post fertilization
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The Start of Life The Onset of Development
Embryonic Stage (two to eight weeks)
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Gastrulation
• Ectoderm
• Endoderm
• Mesoderm
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The Start of Life The Onset of Development
Fetal Stage (eight weeks until birth)
During the fetal period, the proportions of the body change dramatically.
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Prenatal Testing
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
Amniocentesis-- Often goes along with genetic counseling
Ultrasound Sonography
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Threats to Prenatal Development
• Illnesses• AIDS• Aspirin• Thalidomide• Marijuana• Cocaine• Cigarettes• Alcohol