Download - Life sciences grade 12 human evolution
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LIFE SCIENCES GRADE 12TOPIC: BIODIVERSITY CHANGE AND
CONTINUITYSUBTOPIC: HUMAN EVOLUTION
09 MARCH 2014
KHANYISILE MBATHA
201214202
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Human evolution defined
human evolution, the process by
which human beings developed on
Earth from now-extinct primates. Viewed
zoologically, we humans are Homo
sapiens, a culture-bearing, upright-
walking species that lives on the ground
and first evolved in Africa between
100,000 and 200,000 years ago.
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We are now the only living members of what many
zoologists refer to as the human tribe, Hominini, but
there is abundant fossil evidence to indicate that we
were preceded for millions of years by other
hominins, such as Australopithecus, and that our
species also lived for a time contemporaneously with
at least one other member of
our genus, Homo neanderthalensis (the Neanderthal
).
In addition, we and our predecessors have always
share
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Trends in human biological and
cultural evolution will be selected
from:
-Early changes exhibited from early bipedals
apes also comparison with living apes.
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HUMAN EVOLUTION
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AUSTRAPITHECINES
These were the first pre-
known humans.
Various species were found
in Africa.
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Australopithecus
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Australopithecus continued
The term australopithecine refers
generally to any species in the
related genera of Australopithecus
and Paranthropus. It may also include
members of Kenyanthropus Ardipithecus
and Praeanthropus.
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The term comes from a former
classification as members of a distinct
subfamily, the Australopithecine. They are
now classified by some within
the Australopithecine sub-tribe of
the Homininitribe.
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Members of australopithecus are
sometimes referred to as the ‘gracile
australopithecines’ while paranthropus
are called ‘robust australopithecine’
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Many theories exist
regarding the human
evolution.
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Bipedalism
was the most important event in human evolution because it freed up the hands.
The large brain was able to take advantage of this opportunity.
All primates have an upright posture.
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Advantages of Bipedalism
More energy-efficient at walking
speed than knuckle walking.
Also generates less heat.
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Freed up hands for carrying offspring, food and tools.
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Advantages of Bipedalism con…
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Continued…
Keeps body cool with less direct
surface area exposed to the sun
and greater air flow in drier air to
increase sweat evaporation
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Adv…continued
Gave greater height for easier
detection of food and predators.
Upright stance may be more
intimidating
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Homohabilis
Rounded skull still with brow ridges.
Some development of Broca’s region
suggesting language.
Small jaw, incisors and canines
suggesting an omnivorous diet.
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Homohabilis
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1.5 - 2.4mya in eastern Africa
Cranial volume 500 – 650cc
1 – 1.3m tall.
Made stone and bone Oldowan tools.
Some evidence of cooperative hunting
and scavenging for food.
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To be continued
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