Download - Life during the Depression
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Life during the Depression
Dust Bowl, Public Works, & Bonus Army
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The Dust Bowl
• When farmers began plowing the Great Plains, their plows uprooted the wild grass that helped hold the soil’s moisture.
• When the depression hit, crop prices fell and many of the Plains farmers had to leave their fields behind…uncultivated.
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Origins of the Dust Bowl
• Making matters worse, a drought struck the Plains and caused the soil to dry to dust.
• The wheat fields from the Dakotas to Texas became one massive Dust Bowl.
• The wind caused the sky to be blackened for hundreds of miles.
• In the aftermath, farmers found both crops and livestock buried under the dust.
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The Dust Bowl
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Dust Bowl photos
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Car buried under dust
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Dust Bowl
• Dust filled the lungs of both animals and people who were caught outside during these wind storms.
• Death by suffocation was extremely common.• Most farmers were unable to keep their lands
without the income from the fields. If they were mortgaged, the banks repossessed.
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Check for Understanding
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Let’s Check your Understanding!!!
• Drought and _________ brought about the conditions that caused the Dust Bowl.
A. Overgrazing at large cattle farms.
B. The near extinction of the buffalo
C. FamineD. Poor farming practices
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Great Depression photos
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See the Irony?
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Hollywood
• During the Great Depression, more than 60 million viewers went to the movies each week.
• Comedies gave viewers a way to escape the reality of their current situation.
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Comic books hit the scene in the 1930s
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King Kong was first released in 1933. It was the first movie with special effects.
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Walt Disney
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1939-Wizard of Oz & Gone with the Wind
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Soap Operas
• Soap Operas gave listeners an opportunity to listen to others with illnesses and family conflict.
• Millions of people listened to the radio daily.
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Literature & Art• Writers and artists used
the homeless and the unemployed as their subjects in pictures and articles.
• Author John Steinbeck wrote The Grapes of Wrath about a family who moved to CA after losing their farm during to the Dust Bowl.
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Let’s Check for Understanding!!!
• What subjects did artists, photographers, and writers emphasize during the 1930s?
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Hoover’s Response
• Hoover did not believe that it was the government’s responsibility to provide relief to individuals hurt by the depression.
• Other countries hurt by the depression embraced a form of socialism.
• Hoover believed that socialism was responsible for their financial decline.
• He had even written a book called American Individualism that argued that individualism made America’s economic system the best in the world.
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Check for Understanding
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Herbert Hoover
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Behind Closed Doors• Although publicly Hoover
declared that the economy was on its way to recovery, he was really concerned.
• He met with leaders of banks, railroads, and other big businesses.
• He even met with labor leaders and govt. officials.
• Industrialists agreed to stop cutting wages and keep their factories open and workers agreed to accept existing wages and conditions.
• The industrialists did not Keep Their Promise.
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Herbert Hoover
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Production shuts down
• Americans were reluctant to buy because production had been cut and workers were being laid off everyday.
• The lack of spending caused production to come to a grinding halt.
• The result was even more layoffs.
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Unemployment
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Public Works Projects
• Hoover asked Congress for $420 million to start government-funded building projects in an effort to create jobs.
• Although this provided some of the unemployed with jobs, it wasn’t enough to pull the country out of the depression.
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Public Works Projects
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To tax? or not to tax?• Hoover was against raising
taxes to pay for public works projects.
• He felt that if he raised taxes, people would have less money in their checks to spend.
• On the other hand, If he tried to fund the projects without raising taxes, he would have to borrow money.
• Hoover believed that borrowing money would increase the deficit and prolong the depression.
• Meanwhile, Americans continued to blame Hoover and the Republicans for the rising unemployment.
• When the elections rolled around, the Republicans lost the majority of their seats.
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Trickle down Economics
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Trickle-down economics
• Trickle- down theory- pump $ into the economy to the people at the top, and eventually the money will trickle down and benefit the people at the bottom.
• This method proved ineffective for Hoover.
• Money seldom trickled down to the people who were really in need of the assistance.
• People began to request relief from the federal government.
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Let’s Check for Understanding!!!
• Hoover was slow to respond to the economic crisis because he opposed
A. All public works projects
B. Deficit spendingC. Investing in stocksD. Private charities
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No relief in sight• Hoover was adamantly
opposed to providing direct federal aid to the needy.
• He saw that as being to close to Socialism in England.
• He also thought that it would ruin the unemployed’s desire to work.
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Henry Ford
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Working-Class Militancy• Members of the working-
class (the poorest tier) suffered the worst during the depression.
• Their frustrations soon gave way to protest.
• Thousands of unemployed auto-workers protested in front of Henry Ford’s( creator of the Model-T car) factory to demand work.
• They were met by Ford’s own private security force.
• After the workers began throwing rocks at the security guards, they unleashed gunfire.
• 4 demonstrators were killed.• The public was so incensed
by the deaths that > 40,000 people attended the funeral.
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Rise of Communism
• Americans suffering from the depression began to embrace Communism.
• The Communist Party was at its strongest in American history during the depression.
• It had a following of 100,000+ Americans.
• It appealed to people from every walk of life---workers, intellectuals, and college students.
• Communists wanted to completely overthrow the current system--Capitalism.
• They saw it as the only way to provide relief to those suffering.
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Communists • Although members of the
Communist Party were regularly attacked and generally viewed as enemies of America, they continued their protests in support of American workers.
• They were also unafraid to fight against racism in the South.
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“Scottsboro Boys”
• The Communist Party was also the party that obtained a lawyer for a group of poor black men who were falsely accused of rape in Scottsboro, AL in 1931.
• It would be 20 years before the last one was released from prison.
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The Bonus Army
• In 1924, Congress promised to pay WWI veterans $1 for everyday they had been ikn uniform, plus extra for time spent overseas.
• When it was time to pay up, Congress decided to hand out promissory notes that the veterans could not cash in until 1945.
• Veterans across the country began to organize in an effort to get what was rightly theirs.
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The Bonus Marchers
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The President Reacts• Although some in
Congress agreed with the Bonus Army, Hoover did not.
• He said that paying the bonuses would require the government to go into debt.
• He refused to even meet with their representatives.
• To add insult to injury, he labeled them as “Communists” and “bums”.
• More than 20,000 Bonus Marchers convened in Washington determined to get Hoover to see things their way.
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Attack on the Bonus Marchers
• Hoover commanded General Douglas MacArthur to evict the Bonus Marchers from the city without going into their camp.
• MacArthur and 500 army soldiers released tear gas grenades on the Bonus Marchers.
• They then torched their camps.
• The Bonus Marchers were forced to run away.
• MacArthur was never disciplined for directly disobeying Hoover’s orders.
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The End for Hoover
• The attack on the Bonus Marchers was the last nail in the coffin for Hoover.
• People saw him as unsympathetic and out of touch with the needs of most Americans.
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FDR & The New Deal