Download - Life at the turn of the twentieth century
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LIFE AT THE TURN OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Chapter 5, Section 3
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NEW IMMIGRANTS
U.S. = “a nation of immigrants”
Between 1800 and 1880, more than 10 million immigrants came to the U.S. (mostly from northern and western Europe; China).
Between 1880 and 1910, a new wave of immigrants: some 18 million
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New Immigrants
Mostly from southern and eastern Europe, including Greece, Italy, Poland, Russia
America became even more diverse , culturally and religiously (including Roman Catholics, Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Jewish)
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By 1901, 1 in 7 Americans…
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Reasons for coming to America-Search for a better life-Escape religious persecution-Desperate poverty
ELLIS ISLAND – opened in New York 1892 – some 12 millions Europeans passed through
ANGEL ISLAND – San Francisco – immigrants from Asia
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REACTIONS TO IMMIGRANTS
“Nativists” – people born in America who saw immigrants as a threat
West Coast: prejudice directed against Asians – “Chinese Exclusion Act” passed by Congress in 1882 to ban immigration of Chinese
“Americanization” – teaching immigrants English, American history and government
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URBAN LIFE IN AMERICA
Late 1800’s cities changed dramatically
Buildings became taller (skyscraper) – mechanized elevator – city parks
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HOW DIFFERENT CLASSES LIVEDWEALTHY: made money in business
and industry – huge homes
MIDDLE CLASS: corporate employees and professionals
WORKING CLASS: most people in cities lived in poverty in tenements (run-down apartments without indoor plumbing)
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Popular Songs…
Daisy, Daisy, give me your answer, do, I'm half crazy all for the love of you.It won't be a stylish marriage – I can't afford a carriage, But you'd look sweet upon the seat Of a bicycle built for two.
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“Settlement House Movement”Reform movement begun in Great
Britain
Place where immigrants could learn English and receive job-training
“Hull House,” founded in Chicago by Jane Addams in 1889
“social gospel” – faith expressed by good works
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POLITICAL SCANDAL & REFORM“Political Machine” – professional politicians
controlling local government – favors in exchange for votes – often corrupt
“Political bosses” – leaders
Tammany Hall – political machine in New York City run by “Boss Tweed” – 1871 he was convicted of fraud and sent to prison
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Political Scandal
Political corruption extended all the way to Washington
U. S. Grant became president in 1869 but scandals marred his presidency
Republican party split – 1880 reformers chose James A. Garfield as candidate – his successor, Chester Arthur, supported reforms(Pendleton Civil Service Act, 1883)
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Farmers’ Reform Movements
Hard times for farmers in late 1800’s – crop prices falling; farmers in debt
Organized: Order of Patrons of Husbandry (National Grange)
Wanted Congress to regulate railroad rates: Interstate Commerce Act, 1887
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Silver vs. Gold
1873 Congress put U.S. dollar on gold standard (dollar could be redeemed only for gold) – this reduced money in circulation and hurt farmers (who wanted money backed by silver)
Farmer’s Alliance – wanted government to print more money
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Election of 1896
Populist Party: farmers, labor leaders, reformers
Panic of 1893: stock prices fell, millions lost jobs
1896 Presidential election: Republican William McKinley (for gold) vs. William Jennings Bryan (for silver)
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William Jennings Bryan
“…we will answer their demand for a gold
standard by saying to them: You shall not
press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify
mankind upon a cross of gold”
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Segregation & Discrimination“Jim Crow Laws” – some southern state
legislatures passed law to create and enforce segregation in public places:
railroad cars – restaurants – schools
Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896: Supreme Court upheld segregation laws
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Segregation…
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Discrimination
Even worse than laws and court decisions…lynching
Opposing discrimination:Booker T. Washington – believed blacks
should accept segregation and improve situation through acquiring skills
W. E. B. DuBoise – wanted to end segregation immediately - NAACP
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Others facing discrimination:HISPANICS: some had strong anti-
Mexican feelings
ASIAN AMERICANS: some Japanese and Chinese Americans lived in segregated neighborhoods
NATIVE AMERICANS: government tried to “stamp out” their culture – life on reservation hard