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LiDAR Tools, Applications and
Experiences
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Overview
• October 2006 GRF LiDAR Data Collect
• Data Issues ….
• LiDAR tools, products and application areas
• Recent GRF LiDAR Projects
• Lessons Learned…
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LiDAR Defined
• LiDAR is a an acronym for Light Detection And Ranging that relies on measuring the distance from an aircraft to the Earth’s surface by precisely timing the round-trip travel time of a brief pulse of laser light
• The travel-time is measured from the time the laser pulse is fired to the time laser light is reflected back from the surface.
• The reflected laser light is received and converted to distance from the plane to the surface based on the speed of light.
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LiDAR Data Collection
Laser Pulse Returns
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2006 AGRG
LiDAR Data Collect
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3-Stage LiDAR Data Collection and
Management Process 1. Identification of Study Area
2. Supply study area background files
3. Flight Planning
4. GPS Base Station Operation (Ground Crew)
5. Hardware Install (Flight Crew)
6. In-Flight Data Collection
7. Raw data processing
8. Point Classification and Export
9. Creation of DEM’s and other products
Pre-Flight
Post-Flight
Collection Day
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Identification of Study Area
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Supply of Background Files
Provided the following;
• Georeferenced NTS Topo Map Image
• Rivers, Roads etc. as shapefile vectors
• Survey Monuments text file
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Selected Best Available Base Station Monument
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Flight Planning Optech’s ALTM Nav Software is Used to Plan Flights
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Hardware Install
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2005 AGRG Summer LiDAR Workshop
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?
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540 km by Air!
Flight Leaves Late from PEI…Yes I said PEI
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GPS-Base Station Set-up
96G7002 CRK 120 48 56 38.4634 57 56 59.0467 100 Y A R 2003 68.554 100 1 P 1 CGVD28 1999 1 1 012A13
98F001 98F001 100 48 56 38 57 56 59 S S 64.970 100 1 P 1 CGVD28 1999 1 1 012A13
98F002 98F002 100 48 56 38 57 56 59 S S 66.563 100 1 P 1 CGVD28 1999 1 1 012A13
96F003 96F003 100 48 56 38 57 56 59 S S 67.709 100 1 P 1 CGVD28 1999 1 1 012A13
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In-Flight Data Collection
• Pilot maintains course(and checks fuel level!)
• Technician maintains Laser and data checking
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Raw Data Processing
Data Sources
• Aircraft Global Positioning System (A-GPS)
• Base Station GPS
• Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)
• Inertial Navigation System (INS)
• LiDAR Returns
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Applanix PosPac Software
Raw Data Processing (ALTM Workflow)
SBET File
A-GPS Base Station GPS IMU INS + + +
•Raw Flight Data is processed in PosPac to create an SBET File.
•PosPac is used primarily for 3d sensor location.
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Raw Data Processing
Optech REALM Software
LiDAR Return
Data
LAS Binary File
SBET File +
SBET file and LiDAR return data is processed to create a LAS Binary File
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Point Classification and Export LAS files are processed in TerraScan to classify points as vegetation, ground, non-
ground etc.
LAS Binary File
Vegetation Ground Non-Ground
TerraScan (Microstation)
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LAS Files
• LAS (LASer) contains LiDAR point data
records which combine GPS,IMU and
laser pulse returns to produce X,Y and Z
point data.(others too like intensity…)
• ASPRS Open Data specification/standard
and format
• Specification now at version 1.4, 2.0 is in
the works
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Item Fmt 0 Fmt 1 Fmt 2 Fmt 3 Fmt 4 Fmt 5 Fmt 6 Fmt 7 Fmt 8 Fmt 9 Fmt 10
X X X X X X X X X X X X
Y X X X X X X X X X X X
Z X X X X X X X X X X X
Intensity X X X X X X X X X X X
Return Number X X X X X X X X X X X
Number of Returns (given pulse) X X X X X X X X X X X
Scan Direction Flag X X X X X X X X X X X
Edge of Flight Line X X X X X X X X X X X
Classification X X X X X X X X X X X
Scan Angle Rank X X X X X X X X X X X
User Data X X X X X X X X X X X
Point Source ID X X X X X X X X X X X
GPS Time X X X X X X X X X
Red X X X X X X
Green X X X X X X
Blue X X X X X X
Wave Packet Descriptor Index X X X X
Byte offset to waveform data X X X X
Waveform packet size in bytes X X X X
Return Point Waveform Location X X X X
X(t) X X X X
Y(t) X X X X
Z(t) X X X X
NIR X
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TerraScan Classification Options
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Point Cross-Section
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Point Classification and Export
Classified LAS points are exported as ascii xyz files
Vegetation Ground Non-Ground
Ground.xyz Non-Ground.xyz Vegetation.xyz
TerraScan
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RESULTS
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OCTOBER 2006 LiDAR
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Lots of Points…..
343,083,691 Total Points!
More than 25GB of Data!
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Tiles make data Manageable
523 tiles in all
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Delivered Data Formats
• 14 industry standard LAS binary all hits files.
• 523 ASCII space delimited x,y,z,i files for
Ground Only Returns
• 523 ASCII space delimited x,y,z,i files for All
Hits
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Derivative Product Development
Reformatted ASCII
Raster
ASC Raster
GDB
Raster
Mosaics Surfer
Grids
Shapefiles
DEMS
DSM Slope
Grids
Vegetation
Grids
Aspect
Grids
Hillshade
Grids
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342475
Ground Points
Points
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DEM from Ground Points
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Hillshade
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Slope
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Aspect
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Surfer Tile294 All Hits
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Surfer Tile294 Ground ONLY
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Selected LiDAR Software • TerraScan (Part of TerraSolid)
• Surfer
• QT Modeler
• LP360
• LiDAR Analyst
• LASTools
• Voxler
• Pointools
• ArcMAP/ArcToolbox
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Terrasolid(Terrascan)
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Surfer
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QT Modeler/Reader(Applied Imagery)
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LP360 in ArcMAP
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LiDAR Analyst (Overwatch)
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LasTools(Martin Isenburg)
• * txt2las.exe converts LIDAR data from ASCII text to binary LAS format
• * las2txt.exe turns LAS into human-readable and easy-to-parse ASCII text
• * lasinfo.exe prints out a quick overview of the contents of a LAS file
• * las2shp.exe turns binary LAS into ESRI's Shapefile format
• * shp2las.exe turns an ESRI's Shapefile into binary LAS
• * lasmerge.exe can merge several LAS files into one
• * las2las.exe extracts only last returns, clips, subsamples, etc ...
• * lasthin.exe implements a simple point thinning algorithm
• * las2tin.exe triangulates the points of a LAS file into a TIN
• * las2dem.exe rasterizes them into a DEM
• * las2iso.exe extracts, optionally simplified, elevation contours
• * lasview.exe visualizes the contents of a LAS file.
• * lasclip.exe clipping LiDAR points
• * ArcGIS for Desktop toolbox.
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Voxler (Golden Software)
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Pointools (Bentley)
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ESRI Las Dataset
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ESRI Tools
• Point File Information
– file name, point count, z-minimum, z-maximum,
and point spacing
• LAS to multipoint
• LAS Point Statistics as Raster
– pulse count, return count, intensity range …others
• LAS Dataset to Raster
• Entire Section dedicated to LAS in help
including Canopy Height workflow
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2006 Data Issues
and
Processing …Screw-ups !
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OCTOBER 2006 LiDAR
Holes!
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City and Marble Holes
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Low Point Density
• 0.63 points/Square m
• Up to 15 points m2 possible
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March 2009 before all issues were fixed…….
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Applications
(For good LiDAR!)
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What is it used for ?
• Lidar data can be used to accurately measure the topography
of the ground, even where overlying vegetation is quite dense.
• The data can also be used to determine the height and density
of the overlying vegetation, and to characterize the location,
shape, and height of buildings and other structures.
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Selected Products, Uses and Applications
• High Accuracy DEM (Derived Products Slope, Aspect etc..)
• 3D fly through simulations
• Landscape visualizations
• Tourism and Municipal applications
• Accurate contours for a variety of mapping applications
• Geophysical applications and visualizations
• Flood Hazard Mapping, Coastal zone mapping and assessment
• Delineate vegetation height and type
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Classified LiDAR(Leading Edge Geomatics)
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RGB Classified LiDAR (Leading Edge Geomatics )
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Recent GRF LiDAR Projects
• LiDAR /Ortho Data Collection for 10 sites in
Western Newfoundland collected in July 2010
– Avalanche Research with MUN SWG Campus
– Geohazard Monitoring in conjunction with CCRS
• New flight planned for this Summer 2013
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Avalanche Hazard Maps
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Avalanche Services/Web Apps
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Google/JavaScript App
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LiDAR GeoHazard Sites
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The houses are constructed on a marine
terrace with a surface elevation of about 24
m above present sea level. The Northern
Peninsula Highway is located about 20-70
m inland of the cliff edge, between which
14 buildings were located. October 20, 2006
April 15, 2007
Newfoundland, Canada
Daniel’s Harbour:
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RADARSAT-2 Ultra Fine
Master: 20090610
Slave: 20090914
Descending Orbit
Perpendicular Baseline: 67 m
Deformations are only shown where the scene coherence exceeds 0.5
RADARSAT-2 - 3x3 multi look intensity image
-50 0 50
Vertical displacement [mm]
April 2007
There is no an existing high resolution DEM. Therefore, 3-pass
differential interferometric processing applied to monitor the
temporal evolution of landslide.
Daniel’s Harbour – InSAR Displacement Map:
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ArcMAP WorkFlow
LAS Files Multipoint
FeatureClass Terrain
1m Raster
DEM
HillShade
Slope
Aspect
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Focus Area (Daniels hr.)
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MultiPoint Featureclass
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Terrain
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1m Raster
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Hillshade
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Slope
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Aspect
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Some Lessons Learned
• Data areas need a specific purpose/focus. The
data collect can be tuned to needs( forest
metrics, DEM etc. No one flight can do it all!
• Do your homework know what to ask for.
Some vendors will only provide x,y,z if that is
all you ask for. Lots of other useful info
“hides” in your LiDAR…
• Manage stakeholder expectations (software,
formats, coordinate system(s))
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Lessons Learned
• Discuss data sharing policies and distribution
between partners, vendors and external
stakeholders
• Don’t be locked into a single GIS platform use
the best tool for the job(Some SW slow….)
• Leave the raw LiDAR processing to the
vendors focus on “GIS ready deliverables”
• Use a reputable experienced vendor (Highly
recommend Leading Edge Geomatics.