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Lesson 2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems
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Physical Aspects in an Ecosystem
BIOTIC FACTORSBio means “life”Living organisms
PlantsAnimals
ABIOTIC FACTORS“A” means “notNot living things
RocksWindSunWaterDirt
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Symbiotic Relationships
• Mutualistic: both partners benefit
• Commensalistic: one partner benefits and the other partner doesn’t care
• Parasitic: one partner benefits and the other is harmed
• Predatory: predator/prey…one partner is the dinner for the other
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10 % RuleOnly 10 % of the energy or biomass at one
trophic level is passed on to the next
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A food chain, shown above, shows one path the energy can take.
Wheat Mouse
Snake Owl
A food web is a collection of several food chains, linked together.
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A food (or energy) pyramid is another way to represent this information. The pyramid gets its shape from the fact that the greatest amount of energy in the ecosystem is stored in the producers. (There is more grass than grasshoppers, and there are more grasshoppers than frogs.) There are very few tertiary consumers in ecosystems because it takes a lot of energy feed one.
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Toxins(poisons) can build up in the food chain. They are the least concentrated in the producers, but can build up in the bodies of animals as they feed. The higher an animal is on the food pyramid, the more poision he has consumed.
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Lesson 4: Viruses and Bacteria
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Viruses• ARE NOT LIVING!
• Only can reproduce inside host cell
• Cell Specific- will only bind to certain cells– Polio virus only attaches to human nerve cells
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Viruses
• Viral infection must run their course- NO ANTIBIOTICS!
• There are vaccines that can prevent some viral infections, like Hepatitis A or B, influenza and chicken pox.
• An organism’s immune system is designed to fight viruses with fever & antibodies.
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Viruses destroy host cell!!
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Viral diseases
• HIV/AIDS: Destroys Helper T cells of the immune system
• Influenza and common cold: spread by contact
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Bacteria shapes
A. Coccus: round or spherical
B. Spirillum: spiral-shaped
C. Bacillus: rod-shaped
Coccus Bacillus Spirillum
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Bacterial arrangements
Diplo- : paired cells
Staphylo- : grapelike clusters
Strepto- : long chains
Diplo-
Strepto-
Staphylo-
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Bacteria
Good Types• Used in Nitrogen cycle
(Rhizobium)
• In food (lactobacillus)
• In digestive system (E. coli)
• Decomposers
Bad Types• Cause disease
– Strep throat– Diphtheria