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Lesson 13
WW II – 1940: Fall of France & Battle of Britain
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Lesson Objectives
• Describe the sequence and implications of events from the invasion of Poland to the fall of France.
• Be able to describe and analyze the German strategy in the Battle of Britain.
• Describe the impact of new technology on the Battle of Britain.
• Begin to understand the implications of strategic air warfare in World War II.
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Events
September 3, 1939 Britain, France declare war on Germany
“Phony war” begins
Germany invades Denmark & Norway
Germany invades Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg
April 9, 1940
May 10, 1940
Chamberlain resigns *Churchill becomes PM *
September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland
Britain occupies Iceland *
* Not related to invasion
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Battle of France
Dyle Plan 1939
French Plan
Schlieffen Plan 1914Manstein Plan
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Events
September 3, 1939 Britain, France declare war on Germany
“Phony war” begins
Germany invades Denmark & Norway
Germany invades Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg
April 9, 1940
May 10, 1940
September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland
May 27-29, 1940 Evacuation of Dunkirk
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Dunkirk
May 26-31, 1940
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Dunkirk
Trapped on the beach
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German Halt at Dunkirk
German army had little amphibious experience
• Looked at the Channel as a barrier
• Didn’t believe British could possibly get away
Panzer units arrived well ahead of the infantry
• Were exhausted, out of supply
• Called halt to rest, resupply, allow infantry to catch up
Luftwaffe hadn’t gotten much credit in battle
• Asked for and received permission to destroy BEF
British saw Channel as a highway - organized evacuation
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Withdraw to Dunkirk
"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013
(1:32:09 – 1:35:35)
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Miracle of Dunkirk
“The Small Ships”
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Miracle of Dunkirk
300,000+ rescued
Equipment abandoned
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Evacuation at Dunkirk
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Evacuation at Dunkirk
The troops were saved to fight another day
.. but their equipment was left behind
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Evacuation From DunkirkMay 26-31, 1940
"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013
(1:35:40 - 1:44:45)
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Myth
Mechanized Juggernaut
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Reality
3/4 of German infantry moved by foot or horse
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Battle of FranceFirst Phase 4-14 June 1940
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Battle of France4-22 June 1940
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Events
September 3, 1939 Britain, France declare war on Germany
“Phony war” begins
Germany invades Denmark & Norway
Germany invades Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg
April 9, 1940
May 10, 1940
September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland
May 27-29, 1940 Evacuation of Dunkirk
June 4-22, 1940 Battle of France
June 22, 1940 France Surrenders
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France Surrenders
French surrendered at Compiègne – June 20, 1940
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Fall & Occupation of France
"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013
(0 – 4:10 & 4:11-10:00)
(one opinion)
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Britain Stands Alone
“Very well, Alone!”
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Winston S. Churchill
1874-1965
Sandhurst (1894)
Served in Sudan (1898), the Second Boer War (1899-1900), the Western Front (1915-1916)
First elected to Parliament (1900)
First Lord of the Admiralty (1911-1915 and 1939-1940)
Prime Minister May 10, 1940 - July 27, 1945 *
* Also October 26, 1951 - April 17, 1955
Led Great Britain duringits darkest hour.
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Britain At Bay
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Battle of Britain
"What General Weygand called the Battle of France
is over. The Battle of Britain is about to begin."
Winston ChurchillJune 18, 1940
Excerpt-LoCFull Speech (external, 6:08)Excerpt (internal, 1:35)
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Battle of BritainBackground
Operation Seelöwe (Sea Lion)
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Battle of BritainBackground
Operation Seelöwe (Sealion)
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Operation Seelöwe
Invasion barges in Channel ports
July 1940
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Operation Sealion
* The Royal Navy had to be eliminated. * The Royal Air Force (RAF) air strength had to be eliminated. * British coastal defenses had to be destroyed. * British submarine action against landing forces had to be prevented.
Germans began planning for invasion in November 1939
Initial criteria for success:
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First Law of Modern War
The air battle must be won if the war is to be won.
General of the Army Omar BradleyNovember 1951
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USAF Doctrine(modern)
Priorities for tactical (theater) airpower:
1. Air Superiority
2. Interdiction
3. Close Air Support
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Operation Sealion
Defeat of the Royal Navy in the invasion area required control of the air
Hitler’s conditions for Sealion:
The RAF is to be "beaten down in its morale and in fact, that it can no longer display any appreciable aggressive force in opposition to the German crossing".
Warning Order for Seelöwe, 16 July 1940
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Operation Sea Lion1940
German Plan
Source: Royal Air Force
Take control of the air
Defeat the RAF
Isolate the invasion area
Neutralize Royal Navy, destroy communications & defenses
Invade England
Land Panzers to employ Blitzkrieg tactics
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Battle of Britain1940
Orders of Battle
Source
RAF Luftwaffe
Single-seat fighters
Twin-seat fighter
Bombers
Maritime patrol
754
159
560
500
1,107
357
1,300 / 428*
233
* Dive-bombers
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German Fighters
Messerschmitt Bf 110 "Zerstörer"
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German Fighters
Messerschmitt Bf 109
Most widely produced aircraft in WW II (33,000+ units)
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British Fighter
Supermarine Spitfire
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British Fighter
Hawker Hurricane
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Spitfire vs. Bf 109Generally felt to be evenly matched
More rugged
Better handling characteristics
Better visibility
Higher maximum dive speed
Heavier armament (cannon)
Heavy on controls at high speed
Source
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German Bombers
Junkers Ju 88
Dornier Do 17
Heinkle He 111
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Battle of Britain1940
Orders of Battle
Source
RAF Luftwaffe
Single-seat fighters
Twin-seat fighter
Bombers
Maritime patrol
754
159
560
500
1,107
357
1,300 / 428*
233
* Dive-bombers
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How to overcome a numerical disadvantage
Battle of Britain
British Challenge:
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Principles of War
• Objective
• Offensive
• Mass
• Economy of Force
• Maneuver
• Unity of Command
• Security
• Surprise
• Simplicity
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Principles of War
• Objective
• Offensive
• Mass • Economy of Force • Maneuver
• Unity of Command • Security
• Surprise
• Simplicity
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Early Warning System
Source: Royal Air ForceGround Observers
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Battle Management
Source: Royal Air Force
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Battle of Britain
Chain Home Radar Site - Dover
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Battle of Britain
Chain Home Radar Towers
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Chain Home RDF
Source: Royal Air Force
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Alignment of Forces
Source
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Alignment of Forces
Source
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Battle of Britain: Phase I
Source: Royal Air Force
Attacks on Channel Ports and Shipping
10 July –12 August
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Junkers Ju 87 Stuka
Junkers Ju 87 “Stuka”
Problem: They were vulnerable to fighters
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Battle of Britain: Phase II
Source: Royal Air Force
Attacks on RAF: Fighter Bases, Radar
12 August – 6 September
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The Fog of War
August 24, 1940 Luftwaffe bomber crews mistakenly bombed London
• Residential area
RAF bombers hit Berlin industrial area in retaliation
Enraged, Hitler orders massive attacks against London and other British cities
Attacks on cities continue into the fall, switching to night raids after September 15th
Significance: Gave the RAF a critically needed breather
August 25
August 26
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Battle of Britain: Phase III
Source: Royal Air Force
Daylight Attacks on Cities & Industrial Areas
7 September- 5 October
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Battle of Britain: Phase III
London’s East End Burning - September 7, 1940
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Attacks on British CitiesSeptember 7, 1940 - May 10, 1941
“The Blitz”
London experienced 57 consecutive nights of bombing
• September - November 1940
Over 41,000 civilians killed, 137,000 injured throughout Britain
Source
St. Paul’s Cathedral, 26 December 1940
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ClimaxSeptember 15, 1940
Massive daylight raid on London
• Largest to date
56 German aircraft lost versus 28 RAF fighters
Germans switched to night raids on cities
Considered the turning point of the battle
RAF used every fighter in 11 Group (no reserves)
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ClimaxSeptember 15, 1940
September 15th is celebrated as
Battle of Britain Day
RAF Battle of Britain Memorial Flight
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Battle of Britain Action
"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013
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Battle of Britain: Phase IV
Source: Royal Air Force
Night Attacks on Cities & Industrial Areas
6 October 1940 - 10 May 1941 (unofficially)
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Battle of Britain
Operation Sealion
September 17, 1940 Operation Sealion postponed indefinitely
October 31, 1940 Battle of Britain declared over by Air Ministry
Night bombings of cities continued through winter
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Bad Weather Operations
Knickebein (Crocked Leg) Navigation System
Source
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Coventry
Industrial city in the midlands
Subjected to a massive air raid (400+) on November 14, 1940
Center city and cathedral wiped out
1,400 killed or injured
Myth: Churchill knew about raid but could not act to defend
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Coventry
Cathedral of Saint Michael
c 1880
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Coventry
X-Gerät Navigation Aid
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Battle of BritainSummary
Source
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Battle of Britain1940
Orders of Battle
Source
RAF Luftwaffe
Single-seat fighters
Twin-seat fighter
Bombers
Maritime patrol
754
159
560
500
1,107
357
1,300 / 428*
233
* Dive-bombers
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Battle of Britain1940
Losses
Source
RAF Luftwaffe
Single-seat fighters
Twin-seat fighter
Bombers
Maritime patrol
1,023
376
148
520
1,107
357
1,014
2,600+
}
Pilots Lost
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Total War“… the whole population … committed to total victory”
Princess Elizabeth - Age 17
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Battle of Britain
Did the British Win or
the Germans Lose?
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Principles of War
• Objective
• Offensive
• Mass
• Economy of Force
• Maneuver
• Unity of Command
• Security
• Surprise
• Simplicity
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Principles of War
• Objective • Offensive
• Mass
• Economy of Force
• Maneuver
• Unity of Command
• Security
• Surprise
• Simplicity
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Battle of Britain
Factors
British use of radar (command & control)• Allowed RAF to concentrate scarce resources where needed
• Allowed RAF to hold aircraft on ground until last moment
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Battle of Britain
Factors
British use of radar (command & control)
German underestimation of RAF strength• Initial fighter strength
• Fighter production capabilities
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Battle of Britain
Factors
British use of radar (command & control)
German underestimation of RAF strength
• Fighting close to home airfields
• Closer to the fight, more combat time
British “home field” advantage
• RAF pilots shot down had a good chance of returning to the fight
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Battle of Britain
Factors
British use of radar (command & control)
German underestimation of RAF strength
British “home field” advantage
German loss of focus (Change of Objective)
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Battle of Britain
Did the British Win or
the Germans Lose?
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First Law of Modern War
First of all, you must win the battle of the air. That must come before you start a single land or sea engagement.
Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1943
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Lesson 14
WW II -- Second Battle of the Atlantic
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Lesson Objectives
• Understand the magnitude and significance of the Battle of the Atlantic during World War II.
• Understand the degree of British dependence on maritime lines of communication.
• Describe U.S. participation in the Battle of the Atlantic prior to December 1941.
• Describe and analyze the tactics and technology used by both sides in the Battle of the Atlantic.
• Understand the importance of code breaking in the Atlantic war.
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End
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Video Title
"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013