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BIOCHEMISTRY
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CHEM STRY OF L FE
Elements: simplest form of a
substance - cannot be broken down
any further without changing what it is Atom: the actual basic unit -
composed of protons, neutrons, and
electrons
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THE ATOM
Just like cells are the basic unit of life, theATOMis the basic unit of matter
They are !ery small "f placed side by side
one million would stretch a distance of #cm The atom is made up of $particles
Particle Charge
PROTON +
NEUTRON NEUTRAL
ELECTRON -
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Electrons are not present within the atom,
instead T%E& 'E(O)(E A'O*+ T%E
+*E)*. O/ T%E ATOM 0 /O'M T%E
E)ET'O+ )O*
raw a helium atom "ndicate where theprotons, neutrons and electrons are
+ +-
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PROTONS
NEUTRONS
ELECTRONS
ATOMIC # = 2 (PROTONS)
ATOMIC MASS = 4
(PROTONS
NEUTRONS)
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ISOTOPES
atoms of the same element that %A(E A"//E'E+T +*M1E' O/ +E*T'O+.
.ome isotopes are radioacti!e This means
that their nuclei is unstable and will breakdown at a O+.TA+T 'ATEo!er time
There are se!eral practical uses for
radioacti!e isotopes:# A'1O+ AT"+23 T'AE'.
$ 4")) 1ATE'"A 5 A+E' E)).
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COMPOUNDS
a substance formed by the chemicalcombination of 3 or more elementsin definite
proportions
E6: water, salt, glucose, carbon dio6ide
H20
N a C l
CO2
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The cell is a OM7)E8 %EM"A)/ATO'&containing some of the same
elements found in the nonli!ing
en!ironment
carbon 9, hydrogen 9%, o6ygen 9O, and
nitrogen 9+ are present in the greatest
percentages
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TWO TYPES OF COMPOUNDS
Organic - ontain , %, and O in someratio 9usually referred to as chemicals of
life
arbohydrates, 7roteins, )ipids, +ucleic Acids
"norganic - usually ;support; life - no
specific ratio of , %, and O
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CHEMICAL BONDS
hemical bonds hold the atoms in a
molecule together
There are 3 types of chemical bonds
"O+"and O(A)E+T
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IONIC BONDS
Occur when # or more electrons areT'A+./E''Efrom one atom to another
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COVALENT BONDS
Occur when electrons are .%A'Eby atoms These new structures that result from co!alent
bonds are called MO)E*)E.
== "n general, the more chemical bonds amolecule has the more energy it contains
S!ARIN" IS CARIN"
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MIXTURES
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SOLUTION
Two parts:
.O)*TE > .*1.TA+E T%AT ". 1E"+2
"..O)(E 9.*2A' 5 .A)T
.O)(E+T- the substance in which the solute
dissol!es
Materials that do not dissol!e are known as
.*.7E+."O+. 1lood is the most common e6ample of a
suspension
ells 0 other particles remain in suspension
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FORMULA
The chemical symbols and numbers thatcompose a compound 9;recipe;
.tructural /ormula> )ine drawings of the
compound that shows the elements inproportion and how they are bonded
Molecular /ormula> the AT*A)
formula for a compound
C2!$O
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ACIDS & BASES
Acids: always 9almost begin with ;%; becauseof the e6cess of %? ions 9hydrogen E6: lemon @uice 9, stomach acid 9#B, acid rain
9CB, normal rain 9
/acts about Acids
Acids turn litmus paper 'Eand usually taste
.O*'
&ou eat acids daily 9coffee, !inegar, soda,
spicy foods, etcD
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ACIDS & BASES
1ases: always 9almost end with -O% becauseof the e6cess of hydro6ide ions 9O6ygen 0
%ydrogen
E8: o!en cleaner, bleach, ammonia, sea water,
blood, pure water
/acts about 1ases
1ases turn litmus 1)*E
1ases usually feel .)"77E'&to touch and taste
1"TTE'
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Neutralizati! Rea"ti!#
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$H SCALE
measures degree ofsubstance alkalinity or
acidity
'anges from to #C
> B strong acid -F neutral
G-#C strong base
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The goal of the body is to maintain
%OMEO.TA.". 9neutrality> to do this when
p% is concerned, we add weak acids 0 bases to
pre!ent sharp changes in p%
These are called 1*//E'.