Download - Legionella 7th gcc
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Legionella in healthcare: a hidden risk
Andreas VossCWZ & Radboud UMC
NijmegenThe Netherlands
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Bovenkarspel 1999
Health Council of the Netherlands. Controlling Legionnaire’s Disease. The Hague: 2003; publication no. 2003/12.
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Water can be a risk !(or better what’s in it)
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Background
56th American Legion
Convention 1976
Philadelphia,
Bell Vue Stratford hotel
182 cases with 29 deaths
Discovered by Dr McDade
Bacteria common in water
and soil
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The genus Legionella
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Do all of them cause disease?
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Epidemiology of Legionella spp.
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Legionella pneumophilia
L. pneumophilia Sg 1 seems to be more virulent for humans Detection in patients & environment important !
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Sources of Legionella
Legionella can be found in natural, freshwater environments, but they are present in insufficient numbers to cause disease.
Potable (drinking) water systems, whirlpool spas, and cooling towers provide the 3 conditions needed for Legionella transmission heat - stasis – aerosolization
Ecological nicheFree-living amoebae and `
protozoa in water
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How legionella multiplies
Favourable pH & temperature
Ideal is 37C (human body)
Stagnation provides time for multiplication
Key nutrients are free iron & L cysteine
Biofilm protection
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Legionella in the Environment
The bacteria grow best in warm water 25-50C, like the kind found in: Hot tubs Cooling towers Hot water tanks Large plumbing systems Decorative fountains
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Legionella & temperature - two problems!
C605040302010
C605040302010
Hot water Cold water
C605040302010
C605040302010
Love it !
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Hot and cold water systems
Cause the most cases !
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Infection routes
Ingestion
Contact (particularly relevant for wound care)
Inhaling aerosols
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Spread of Disease
People get Legionnaires' disease when they breath in a mist or vapor containing Legionella. e.g. breathing in droplets sprayed from a hot tub
that has not been properly cleaned and disinfected contaminated shower
Legionella does not spread from one person to another person.
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Frequency of Legionnaires' Disease
Each year an estimated 8,000-18,000 hospitalized cases occur in the U.S. However, accurate data reflecting the true incidence of disease are not available because of under-utilization of diagnostic testing and under-reporting.
Travel-associated outbreaks, outbreaks in community settings, and healthcare and occupational outbreaks are common.
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Legionnaires’ disease in residents of England and Wales by category of exposure 1980-2004
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
'80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04
Cas
es r
epo
rted
Travel Abroad
Travel UK
Community acquired
Nosocomial
Data from CDSC
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Epidemiologic risk factors for Legionellosis
Recent travel with an overnight stay outside of the home Exposure to whirlpool spas Recent repairs or maintenance work on domestic
plumbing Renal or hepatic failure Diabetes Systemic malignancy Smoking Immune system disorders Age > 50 years
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Legionella - how much is too much
Infectious dose is unknown !
Susceptible animals 103 CFU/l Immunocompromised patients 3-8 x 103 CFU/l Healthy adult 105 - 109 CFU/l
1st legal breakpointfor the NL: 50 cfu/l
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When is Legionella a risk?
< 100 CFU/L
100 – 1000 CFU/L
> 1000 CFU/L
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Signs & Symptoms
Symptoms like many other forms of pneumonia. Signs of Legionnaires' disease can include:
CoughShortness of breathHigh feverMuscle achesHeadaches
These symptoms usually begin 2 to 14 days after being exposed to the bacteria.
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Susceptibility of Individuals
Increasing age, especially over 45
Gender; men
Smokers, alcoholics
Chronic respiratory or kidney disease
Diabetics, cancer sufferers
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Pontiac Fever
A milder infection, also caused by Legionella spp, is called Pontiac fever.
The symptoms of Pontiac fever are similar to those of Legionnaires’ disease and usually last for 2 to 5 days.
Pontiac fever is different from Legionnaires' disease because the patient does not have pneumonia.
Symptoms go away on their own without treatment.
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Clinical Diagnosis of Legionellosis
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Treatment & Complications
Legionnaires' disease requires treatment with antibiotics (macrolides, quinolones)
Previously healthy people usually get better after being sick with Legionnaires’ disease, but hospitalization is often required.
Possible ComplicationsLung failureDeath (5-30%)
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Aim:1. Prevalence of atypical pathogens2. Outcome empiric treatment
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Incidence of atypical pathogens in CAP
22
57
12
N = 4337Arnold, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2007
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Empiric treatment includes atypical pathogens in guideline
91
10
53
74
N = 2878
Arnold, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2007
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Atypical path. covered
Arnold, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2007
Atyp. path. not covered
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Lettinga, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2002
Legionella CAP mortality
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Who to Test for Legionnaires' Disease
Patients who have failed outpatient antibiotic therapy Patients with severe pneumonia, in particular those
requiring intensive care Immunocompromised host with pneumonia Patients with pneumonia in the setting of a legionellosis
outbreak Patients with a travel history [Patients that have
traveled away from their home within two weeks before the onset of illness.]
(Patients suspected of healthcare-associated pneumonia)
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Diagnostic
Currently available diagnostic tests include detection of Legionella spp. by Serology Culture or PCR in respiratory samples Legionella pneumophila antigen testing in urine
Tests lack sensitivity, urine antigen test only identifies Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1
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How to Test for Legionnaires' Disease
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Prevention of Legionella
Not a job for infection control, but for those building, maintaining and controlling water systems
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Prevention: Health-care facilities
Surveillance data on nosocomial Legionnaires’ disease Water safety plan overview System assessment
Document and describe the systemAssess hazards and prioritize risks
Monitoring Identify control measures Monitor control measures
Management and communicationPrepare management proceduresEstablish documentation and communication procedures
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Water Safety Plans
WHO 2007
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Water Safety Plans
WHO 2007
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Water Safety Plans
WHO 2007
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Water Safety Plans
WHO 2007
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Water Systems checks
Weekly - flushing little used outlets
Monthly – temperature checks
Quarterly - shower cleaning
Six monthly - CWS Tank temperatures
Annually - CWS Tank inspections,
calorifier checks
Other systems as required
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Appropriate Records
Responsible persons
Significant findings of the risk assessment
Written scheme of actions and control
measures
Results of any monitoring, inspection, test
or check carried out
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Nosocomial infections
WHO 2004
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Risk factors for Legionella infection
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Control methods (1)
WHO 2007
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Shunt it !
hot-water
cold-water
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Control methods (2)
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Control methods (3)
WHO 2007
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Control methods (4)
Great during outbreaks
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Positive culture and now?
No showering (or with bacterial filter*) Mineral water to drink Handwashing and washing of patients using a
washcloth is allowed Inform HCWs and patients
(including those discharged for at least 3 weeks) Inform media and heath inspection
* more or less impossible to get and to connect if not anticipated
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Legionella at the UMC St Radboud
1989 - cooling towers 1992 - hot water too cold (shower/sinks)
1995 – hot spot in cold water (shower/sinks)
1999 - positive water cultures after construction
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Reconstruction of water system
1999Reconstruction ofC-building UMC
- new hot water source- new tubing- removal “dead ends”
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So much about dead ends!
When the way of monitoring is defeating the purpose !