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Legal informatics and legal concepts
Giovanni Sartor, Enrico Francesconi
EUI - European university Institute of Florence/CIRSFID - University of BolognaITTIG-CNR – Institute of Legal Information Theory and Techniques
Italian National Research Council
Eurovoc Conference – 18-19 November 2010, Luxembourg
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Where is the law?
unwritten law (in thought and action)tacit-implicit law (social norms, customs, attitudes)spoken law (proverbs, parables, commandments, advice)
written law (in human-readable form)hand-written law (Hammurabi, the nine tables, Justinian’sdigest)printed law (official gazettes)
computable law (in machine-readable form)electronically stored law (in legal databases)electronically processed law (in computer programs andknowledge bases)
No substitution: dialectical integration/transmutation of thedifferent media
Unwritten law
Written law
Computable law
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Legal informatics
A Definition:Theory and practice of computable law, i.e., ofcooperation/symbiosis between humans and machines in legalproblem-solving
Users/application domains:legislation (e-legislation), adjudication (e-justice),administration (e-government), politics (e-governance),research/doctrine, practice/professions, compliance/citizens
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Areas of inquiry/development
Access to legal sources (legal documentation)Legal information systems (supporting legal activities)Legal drafting (drafting support, document assembly)Forensics (dealing with computer evidence)Legal training (e-learning)Modelling legal knowledge and reasoning (artificial intelligenceand law, computational argumentation)Legal determinations (knowledge-based systems)Legal planning/simulation (simulation, agent-based modellingof norm-governed behaviour, electronic societies)
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Legal informatics: possibilities and risks
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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A time-line for legal informatics
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Legal information systems
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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The epistemology of legal informatics
(From Tom Gordon)
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Legal informatics and the law
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Legal informatics and the web
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Legal informatics in the semantic web
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Concepts: Porphyry
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Concepts as hierachies: Windscheid
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Concepts as rules: Ross
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Why are legal concepts important?
Cognitive role of conceptual structures in the law:summarise rules and their connectionscluster connected information and support relevant inferencesguide problem-solvingsupport generalisation and comparionguide analogiesprovide a shared framework for legal argumentationprovide a framework for intra- and trans-systemic trans-lingualcomparison
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Concepts: Thesauri
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Concepts: Semantic lexicons
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Concepts: Multilingual ontologies
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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EU Legal Information Accessibility
Cross-Collection AccessibilityAccessing heterogeneousdata sources in adistributed environment
Cross-Language AccessibilityAccessing heterogeneousdata sources withoutlanguage barriers
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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EU Legal Information Accessibility
Cross-Collection AccessibilityAccessing heterogeneousdata sources in adistributed environment
Cross-Language AccessibilityAccessing heterogeneousdata sources withoutlanguage barriers
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Semantic Interoperability and Semantic Web
Semantic Interoperability can enhance both Cross-Languageand Cross-Collection AccessibilitySemantic interoperability can be obtained by implementing theSemantic Web concept
The Semantic WebThe process of embedding in theWorld-Wide Web information that is
understandable by humans
processed and understandable bymachines
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Modelling Legal Concepts
Legal concepts modelling is the essential pre-condition for implementingthe Semantic Web concept in the legal domain
Knowledge organizing structures
Thesauri(Eurovoc, ETT, Eclas, Gemet, etc.)Semantic lexicons(WordNet, Syllabus, etc.)Legal Ontologies(LRI-Core, LKIF, CLO, Dalos, etc.)
Modelling strategy in a multilingual andmulticultural domain
Collaborating platform connectingLegal comparatistsTranslatorsOntology developers
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Semantic Web to overcome language barriers
Bottom-up approachSemantic mark-up ofmultilingual documents
Top-down approachSemantic tools(thesauri, ontologies)to express the semantics ofusers’ information needs
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Semantic Web to overcome language barriers
Bottom-up approachSemantic mark-up ofmultilingual documents
Top-down approachSemantic tools(thesauri, ontologies)to express the semantics ofusers’ information needs
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Semantic Web to overcome fragmentation barriers
Quality of the retrievalin single collections is linked tothe availability of specificthesauri
in cross-collections is linked tothe interoperability amongthesauri
Eurovoc interoperability study based on
SKOS standard
Information Retrieval techniques
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Semantic Web to overcome fragmentation barriers
Quality of the retrievalin single collections is linked tothe availability of specificthesauri
in cross-collections is linked tothe interoperability amongthesauri
Eurovoc interoperability study based on
SKOS standard
Information Retrieval techniques
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Challenges for an effective implementation
Knowledge acquisition bottleneck(Machine effort)
Time consuming editorial work(Human effort)
}Ex-post processing
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Challenges for an effective implementation
Knowledge acquisition bottleneck(Machine effort)
Time consuming editorial work(Human effort)
}Ex-post processing
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Legislative Workflow Management. A way forward?
Semantics management at a very early stage ofthe law-making process
Authoring tools and CMS to manage semantics
in a standardized and multilingual environmentat the very early stage of the legal draftingprocess
}Ex-ante processing
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Legislative Workflow Management. A way forward?
Semantics management at a very early stage ofthe law-making processAuthoring tools and CMS to manage semantics
in a standardized and multilingual environmentat the very early stage of the legal draftingprocess
}Ex-ante processing
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi
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Legislative Workflow Management. A way forward?
Semantics management at a very early stage ofthe law-making processAuthoring tools and CMS to manage semantics
in a standardized and multilingual environmentat the very early stage of the legal draftingprocess
}Ex-ante processing
G. Sartor, E. Francesconi