LEED Post-Occupancy Evaluation: Taking Responsibility for the Occupants
November 2005
Center for the Built Environment (CBE)
http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/
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CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, UC BERKELEY
LEED Post-Occupancy Evaluation: Taking Responsibility for the Occupants
Research Team:Charlie HuizengaLeah ZagreusSahar AbbaszadehDavid LehrerJohn Goins IIILuda HoeEd Arens
CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
Center for the Built Environment (CBE)
Our Mission: To improve the design, operation, and environmental quality of buildings by providing timely, unbiased information on building technologies and design techniques
LEED Post-Occupancy Evaluation: Taking Responsibility for the Occupants
November 2005
Center for the Built Environment (CBE)
http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/
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CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
CBE Industry Partners
Armstrong World IndustriesArup*California Department of
General Services (DGS)California Energy CommissionCharles M. Salter Associates Flack + KurtzHOKPacific Gas & Electric Co.Price Industries RTKLSkidmore Owings and MerrillStantecSteelcase
Syska Hennessy GroupTate Access Floors*Taylor Engineering Team:
• Taylor Engineering• The Electrical Enterprise• Guttmann & Blaevoet• Southland Industries• Swinerton Builders
TraneU.S. Department of Energy (DOE)*U.S. General Services Administration (GSA)*
Webcor*York International Corporation
*founding partner
CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
CBE research programs
Indoor Environmental QualityEnvelope and Façade SystemsWorkplace DesignUnderfloor Air Distribution (UFAD)Building Information Technology
LEED Post-Occupancy Evaluation: Taking Responsibility for the Occupants
November 2005
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CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
CBE IEQ Survey
Encourage the use of occupant feedback to improve building design and operationWeb-based occupant IEQ survey & reporting tool
• Inexpensive and fast• Automatic reporting
function• Standardized repository
of survey responses
CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
Feedback
Feedback from building users helps us understand how buildings truly perform in practice
• Diagnostics• Benchmarking• Trend analysis
Build on successes -Avoid repeating mistakes
LEED Post-Occupancy Evaluation: Taking Responsibility for the Occupants
November 2005
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CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
Gen. Bldg & WorkspaceGen. Bldg & Workspace
Thermal ComfortThermal Comfort
Air QualityAir Quality
LightingLighting
AcousticsAcoustics
Cleaning & Maint.Cleaning & Maint.
Survey Satisfaction categories
Thermal comfortAir QualityDaylight & viewsControllability of systems
Thermal comfortAir QualityDaylight & viewsControllability of systems
LEED IEQ credit categories
Mapping survey categories to LEED
Office LayoutOffice Layout
Office FurnishingOffice Furnishing
CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
Typical survey page
LEED Post-Occupancy Evaluation: Taking Responsibility for the Occupants
November 2005
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CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
Drill-down questions
Satisfaction Scale
Next survey topic
Branched to a follow-up page with probing questions regarding nature of dissatisfaction
CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
Typical follow-up page
LEED Post-Occupancy Evaluation: Taking Responsibility for the Occupants
November 2005
Center for the Built Environment (CBE)
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CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
Automated reporting
CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
Reporting tool – diagnosing problems
LEED Post-Occupancy Evaluation: Taking Responsibility for the Occupants
November 2005
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CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
Survey database growth
To date: 210+ buildings, more than 34,000 respondents
0
50
100
150
200
250
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
# of
bui
ldin
gs in
dat
abas
e (c
umul
ativ
e)
CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
LEED survey promotion
Goal: assessing performance of green buildings from the occupants perspectiveSince October 2004, 16 LEED-certified and 9 “self-nominated”green buildings surveyed
LEED Post-Occupancy Evaluation: Taking Responsibility for the Occupants
November 2005
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CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
16 LEED rated buildings surveyed Many LEED products and versions included in sample:
LEED buildings in database
Chesapeake Bay Foundation
Chicago Center for Green Technology
NC=New Construction; EB=Existing Buildings; CI=Commercial Interiors
Johnson Diversey Global Headquarters
NC 1.0 Platinum 2NC 2.0 Platinum 1NC 2.0 Gold 2NC 2.0 Silver 3NC 2.0 Certified 1NC 2.0 pending 1NC 2.1 Gold 1CI Pilot Platinum 1CI Pilot Gold 1CI Pilot pending 1CI 2.0 Certified 1EB Pilot Gold 1
CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
Self-nominated green buildings
9 buildings identified by building design team or owner:
• 3 received national AIA Top 10 Green Building Awards• 2 received Environmental Design & Construction awards• 1 received Savings by Design award• 1 received local awards
National Wildlife Federation
World Resources Institute
Carnegie Center for Global Ecology
LEED Post-Occupancy Evaluation: Taking Responsibility for the Occupants
November 2005
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CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
LEED - NC LEED - EB
Sustainable Sites 14 14
Water Efficiency 5 5
Energy & Atmosphere 17 23
Materials & Resources 13 16
Indoor Environmental Quality 15 22
Innovation & Design Process 5 5
Total 69 85
% of IEQ credit points 22% 26%
Categories in LEED – NC 2.1 & EB 2.0
CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
Database average scores by category
General Satisfaction- Building
General Satisfaction- Workspace
Office Layout
Office Furnishings
Thermal Comfort
Air Quality
Lighting
Acoustics
Cleanliness and Maintenance
LEED Post-Occupancy Evaluation: Taking Responsibility for the Occupants
November 2005
Center for the Built Environment (CBE)
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CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
Average scores: Green vs. Rest of database
General Satisfaction- Building
General Satisfaction- Workspace
Office Layout
Office Furnishings
Thermal Comfort
Air Quality
Lighting
Acoustics
Cleanliness and Maintenance
CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
Overall Satisfaction - BuildingCBE Database (n=181)
1.11
-3
0
3
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Overall satisfaction ranking
Median entire database
Median 1.11
Very dissatisfied
Very satisfied
LEED Post-Occupancy Evaluation: Taking Responsibility for the Occupants
November 2005
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CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
Overall Satisfaction - BuildingLEED & GREEN (n=20) Compared to CBE Database (n=161)
1.081.39
-3
0
3
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Percentile Rank
Mea
n Sa
tisfa
ctio
n Sc
ore
Building overall: satisfaction
Very dissatisfied
Very satisfied
LEED-certified bldg. Non-green bldg.Self nominated green bldg.
Median green
Median non-green
CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
0.21
1.11
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%Percentile Rank
Mea
n Sa
tisfa
ctio
n Sc
ore
Air Quality: satisfaction
Very dissatisfied
Very satisfied
Median green
Median non-green
LEED-certified bldg. Non-green bldg.Self nominated green bldg.
LEED Post-Occupancy Evaluation: Taking Responsibility for the Occupants
November 2005
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Air quality: satisfaction bldgs <10 years old
Very dissatisfied
Very satisfied
LEED-certified bldg. Non-green bldg.Self nominated green bldg.
0.43
1.11
0.22
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%Percentile Rank
Mea
n Sa
tisfa
ctio
n Sc
ore
Median green
Median non-green
CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Lighting: satisfaction
Very dissatisfied
Very satisfied
(Difference between averages of two groups was not statistically significant)
LEED Post-Occupancy Evaluation: Taking Responsibility for the Occupants
November 2005
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Lighting: 1st percentile building
1st percentile building“Too bright in some places, too dark in others”“The light sensors need to be adjusted”“Not enough task lighting…”“Task light mounted on wrong side of workstation”
CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
-0.25-0.20
-3
0
3
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Percentile Rank
Mea
n Sa
tisfa
ctio
n Sc
ore
Acoustics: satisfaction
Very dissatisfied
Very satisfied
(Difference between averages of two groups was not statistically significant)
LEED Post-Occupancy Evaluation: Taking Responsibility for the Occupants
November 2005
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Acoustics: 8th percentile building
8th percentile building (97% open office, n=173)
CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
Overall Satisfaction - Thermal ComfortLEED & GREEN (n=20) Compared to CBE Database (n=161)
-0.18
0.54
-3
0
3
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Percentile Rank
Mea
n Sa
tisfa
ctio
n Sc
ore
Thermal Comfort: satisfaction
Very dissatisfied
Very satisfied
LEED-certified bldg. Non-green bldg.Self nominated green bldg.
Median green
Median non-green
LEED Post-Occupancy Evaluation: Taking Responsibility for the Occupants
November 2005
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Thermal comfort: 22nd percentile building
CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
LEED NC IEQ Credit 7.1
7.1 – Compliance with ASHRAE Standard 55• 80% occupant satisfaction with thermal environment• Specifies temperatures, humidity, etc. to achieve that
How are we doing?• Non-LEED buildings: 10% of buildings meet the criteria of
80% or more occupants satisfied with thermal comfort• LEED buildings: 20% of buildings meet the criteria
LEED Post-Occupancy Evaluation: Taking Responsibility for the Occupants
November 2005
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CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
IEQ Credit 7.2
NC v2.1 IEQ Credit 7.2 – Permanent monitoring system
• Per ASHRAE Standard 55• Every workstation?• Measure temperature, MRT, air velocity, humidity?
NC v2.2 IEQ Credit 7.2 – Occupant survey• 6-18 months after occupancy• Develop corrective action plan if less than 80% of occupants
are satisfied
CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
Conclusion
For buildings in the CBE database, LEED and self-nominated green buildings received statistically significant higher scores from occupants for:
• General building satisfaction• Indoor air quality• Thermal comfort
LEED and self-nominated green buildings did not perform better for:
• Lighting• Acoustics
No clear relationship found between LEED credit points and occupant satisfaction with IEQ
LEED by itself does not guarantee better IEQ
LEED Post-Occupancy Evaluation: Taking Responsibility for the Occupants
November 2005
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CENTER FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT GreenBuild 2005
Questions
Charlie Huizenga [email protected]
Survey demo:www.cbesurvey.org
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