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A.Schöning 1 Particle Physics WS 09/10
Lecture: Particle Physics
Heidelberg WS 09/10
Prof. A. SchöningPhysikalisches Institut der Universität
Heidelberg
Introduction
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A.Schöning 2 Particle Physics WS 09/10
Goal of this Lecture
Comprehensive overview over Particle Physics: ● experimental methods and applications● theoretical concepts and fundamental laws
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A.Schöning 3 Particle Physics WS 09/10
OrganisationPrerequisites: Knowledge: Quantum Mechanics (Schrödinger Eq.), special relativity Lectures: Physics I-V, Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics
Addressing: Master Students or Diploma students
Focus of this lecture: Accelerator Physics, Detector Physics, Quantum Electrodynamics, Weak
Interaction, Quantum Chromodynamics, Standard Model, Beyond the Standard Model, Astroparticle Physics
Accompanying Tutorials: Tuesday (11:00, KIP) and Wednesday (14:00, PI)
Basis for other Lectures: LHC Physics, Standard Model, Beyond the SM, Supersymmetry, String-
Theory
More Information on the Web: http://www.physi.uni-heidelberg.de/~schoning/Vorlesungen/PPLect/
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A.Schöning 4 Particle Physics WS 09/10
Literature on Particle Physics
Ch. Berger: Elementarteilchenphysik (main book for lecture), in German, Springer Verlag, ISBN 3-540-3143-9
B.R. Martin, Nuclear and Particle Physics, An Introduction, Wiley, ISBN 978-0-470-74275-4
D.H. Perkins, Introduction to High Energy Physics, Addison Wesley (older standard book)
Povh, Rith, Scholz and Zetsche, Particles and Nuclei, An Introduction, Springer Verlag
P. Schmüser, Feynmann Graphen (Theory book for Experimentalists) Springer Verlag
by far not complete. Many, many more books...
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A.Schöning 5 Particle Physics WS 09/10
Lecture DatesDates: Tuesday 15:00-16:45 and Thursday 11:00-12:45Place: Neuer Hörsaal , Philosophenweg 12
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A.Schöning 6 Particle Physics WS 09/10
Lecture Dates
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A.Schöning 7 Particle Physics WS 09/10
Dates of Tutorials
First Tutorials: October 20th/21st
Two groups:● Tuesday: U. Husemann● Wednesday: A.S.
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A.Schöning 8 Particle Physics WS 09/10
Leistungskontrolle
Tutorials: ● 11 series of exercises ● one series has typically 4 exercises● exercises are checked and corrected● learning target is at minimum 40% of the total score● number of credit points = 8
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A.Schöning 9 Particle Physics WS 09/10
Introduction
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A.Schöning 10 Particle Physics WS 09/10
Experimental Tools
ATLAS (LHC)
CDF (Tevatron)
ZEUS (HERA)
CMS (LHC)
H1 (HERA)
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A.Schöning 11 Particle Physics WS 09/10
The (Proton)Machines
Center of Mass Energies:
HERA (ep): 320 GeVTevatron (pp) 2 TeVLHC (pp) 10-14 TeV
_
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A.Schöning 12 Particle Physics WS 09/10
(1992-2007 Hamburg)
H1
HERMES
ZEUS
Supermikroskop HERA
920 GeV Protonen
26.7 GeV Elektronenx
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A.Schöning 13 Particle Physics WS 09/10
Study of the Proton Structure
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A.Schöning 14 Particle Physics WS 09/10
Large Hadron Collider (CERN)
26.7 km circumference!
LHC (pp) 10-14 TeV
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A.Schöning 15 Particle Physics WS 09/10
Direct and Indirect Higgs Searches
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A.Schöning 16 Particle Physics WS 09/10
SM Lagrangian
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A.Schöning 17 Particle Physics WS 09/10
Tevatron (Fermilab, USA)
Proton-Antiproton Collider
D0 Experiment
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A.Schöning 18 Particle Physics WS 09/10
Electroweak Fit of the W-Boson Mass
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A.Schöning 19 Particle Physics WS 09/10
The Standard Model Pull PlotZ-pole parameters
=> consistent with SM
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A.Schöning 20 Particle Physics WS 09/10
Masses of Quarks
m*u = 1.5-3.0 MeV
m*d = 3-7 MeV
m*s = 95 ± 25 MeV
m*c = 1.25 ± 0.09 GeV
Mb = 4.7 ± 0.07 GeV
Mt = 173.1 ± 1.3 GeV
m* = mass in MS scheme__
M = pole (propagator mass)
average
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A.Schöning 21 Particle Physics WS 09/10
Masses of Leptons
Me = 0.5109989 MeV
= 105.658 MeV
= 1777.99 ± 0.29 MeV
Neutrino mass direct limits (Warning: not mass eigenstates!):e
< 2 eV
< 0.19 MeV
< 18.2 MeV
Atmospheric neutrino mixing
m2atm = 8.0−0.40.6×10−5eV 2
origin of mass hierarchy?
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A.Schöning 22 Particle Physics WS 09/10
Questions and Problems related to Neutrinos
● In the SM neutrinos are massless and there is no lepton flavour violation● Because neutrino-oscillations were observed neutrinos must have masses and lepton flavour is violated!● What generates neutrino masses:
● Right-handed Dirac Neutrino?● Majorana Neutrino?
● What are the masses and the mass hierarchy?● CP-Violation in Lepton Sector?
atmospheric neutrinos:
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A.Schöning 23 Particle Physics WS 09/10
Theoretical Problems of the SM
Grand Unification ???
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A.Schöning 24 Particle Physics WS 09/10
HERA Result: Electroweak Unification
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A.Schöning 25 Particle Physics WS 09/10
The SM and Astro- Particle Physics
Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry in Universe
● Dark Matter Problem (only 1% of the mass is visible in the universe)● Formation of galaxies and structures in the universe● Dark energy (from microwave back-ground anisotropy)● Nucleosynthesis constraints ● Big-Bang
N BN
≈10−9
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A.Schöning 26 Particle Physics WS 09/10
Search for Dark Matter
Several Search Experiments for Dark Matter Search for WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles
Revived: Search for CHAMPs (charged massive particles
DAMA Collaboration reported 8.2 sigma evidance for dark matter based on an annual modulation signature
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A.Schöning 27 Particle Physics WS 09/10
Particle Physics in Medicine● X-ray therapy● proton therapy (tumour treatment)
Berlin, Darmstadt, Erlangen, Munich, PSI (Switzerland), ...
→ ionisation loss in materials