Download - Lecture on nucleic acid and proteins
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Nucleic Acids and Proteinswww.psmag.com
Structure & Function PART 2
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EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES
a structure made of DNA and associated proteins carries part or all of a cell’s genetic information
thelivingenvironmentcheatsheet.blogspot.com
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BACTERIAL CHROMOSOMES
ridge.icu.ac.jp
biocadmin.otago.ac.nz
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CHROMOSOME NUMBER
www.nature.com
Sum of ALL chromosomes in a cell
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NUCLEIC ACIDS: DNA & RNA
linear array of NUCLEOTIDES
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PURINES & PYRIMIDINES
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PHOSPHODIESTER LINKAGES BETWEEN
NUCLEOTIDES
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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
www.goldiesroom.org
DNA was discovered in 1869 by Fredrich Miescher by isolating the nuclei of white blood cells, he extracted an acidic molecule he called nuclein
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FUNCTIONSDNA carries genetic info from one generation to the next DNA becomes read and transcribed so that proteins are made and traits are expressed DNA must be replicated each time cells divide
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jabrooks01.blogs.wm.edu
THE DNA STRUCTURE
ROSALIND FRANKLIN MAURICE WILKINS JAMES WATSON & FRANCIS CRICK
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PROPERTIES IN A DOUBLE HELIX
The strands of DNA are antiparallel
biology.tutorvista.com
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PROPERTIES IN A DOUBLE HELIX
The strands are complimentary (CHARGAFF’S RULE)www.ric.edu
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PROPERTIES IN A DOUBLE HELIX
There are Hydrogen bond forces
academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu
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PROPERTIES IN A DOUBLE HELIX
There are base stacking interactions
dspace.jorum.ac.uk
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PROPERTIES IN A DOUBLE HELIX
There are 10 base pairs per turn
www.bioinfo.org.cn
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RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
In the early 1900s, Phoebus Levene isolated two types of nucleic acid: RNA and DNA. In 1919, he proposed that both were made up of individual units called nucleotides.
Each nucleotide was composed of one of four nitrogen-containing bases, a sugar, and a phosphate group
www.biologycorner.com
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FUNCTION & TYPERNA helps to assemble amino acids into proteins (Remember: proteins that determine traits)
3 Types: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
learn.genetics.utah.edu
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PROPERTIES OF RNASINGLE-STRANDED
theconversation.com
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PROPERTIES OF RNARIBOSE SUGAR
www.classhelp.info
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PROPERTIES OF RNACOMPLEMENTARY BASES
www.bristol.k12.ct.us
www.bio.davidson.edu
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PROTEINS
Proteins control the phenotypes (traits) of organisms
Proteins regulate our cell functions (chemical reactions)
breakingmuscle.com
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STRUCTURE
esciencenews.com
Example: HIV protein shell structure
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QUESTION #1:
D
Identify this molecule:
A. amino acid
B. carbohydrate
C. RNA
D. DNA
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QUESTION #2:
D
Identify the following molecule
A. amino acid
B. hydrogen bond
C. protein
D. Nucleotide
C
CH2
O
Phosphate Group
Deoxyribose
Nitrogenous Base
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QUESTION #3:
C
How many types of RNA are there?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
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QUESTION #4:
A
Which of the following have hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases?
A. DNA
B. RNA
C. BOTH
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QUESTION #5:
“Transfer” amino acids to ribosomes/ delivery system of amino acids to
ribosomes during protein synthesis
What is the function of tRNA?
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QUESTION #6:
B
Which of the following is found in BOTH DNA and RNA?
A. phosphate group, guanine, uracil
B. phosphate group, guanine, cytosine
C. ribose, phosphate group, uracil
D. deoxyribose, phosphate group, thymine
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QUESTION #7:
“Messenger” serves as template during protein synthesis/ RNA version of the
gene encoded by DNA
What is the function of mRNA?
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QUESTION #8:
B
Which of the following describes the structure of DNA?
A. double-stranded RNA molecule
B. double-stranded helix molecule
C. double-stranded RNA helix
D. single-stranded RNA helix
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QUESTION #9:
“Ribosomal” binds with proteins to form the ribosome during protein
synthesis
What is the function of rRNA?
learn.genetics.utah.edu
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QUESTION #10:
amino acid sequence
Describe the primary structure of proteins
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THE SEARCH FOR THE GENETIC MATERIAL
Before DNA was established as the genetic material in cells, scientists knew:
there was a connection between chromosomes and inherited traits the genetic material had to control the production of enzymes and proteins the genetic material had to be able to replicate itself with accuracy and still allow mutations to occur
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THE CANDIDATES: PROTEIN AND DNA
Once T.H. Morgan’s group showed that genes are located on chromosomes, the two constituents of chromosomes - proteins and DNA - were the candidates for the genetic material Until the 1940s, the great heterogeneity and specificity of function of proteins seemed to indicate that proteins were the genetic material However, this was not consistent with experiments with microorganisms, like bacteria and viruses
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GRIFFITH’S TRANSFORMATION EXPERIMENT (1928)
education-portal.com
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Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty and Colin MacLeod EXPERIMENT
(1943)
www.pixton.com
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Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty and Colin MacLeod EXPERIMENT (1943)
education-portal.com
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Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty and Colin MacLeod EXPERIMENT (1943)
janebiotech.wordpress.com
education-portal.com
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ALFRED HERSHEY & MARTHA CHASE (1952)
lifesciencesfoundation.org
• Concluded that the injected DNA of the phage provides the genetic information that makes the infected cells produce new viral DNA and proteins, which assemble into new viruses
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lifesciencesfoundation.org
TRANSDUCTION EXPERIMENT
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IS IT PROTEIN?
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SO, IS IT DNA?
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QUESTION #11: (BY PAIR)
5’ GCC AAT 3’
WHAT IS THE COMPLEMENTARY STRAND OF THE GIVEN DNA TEMPLATE:
5’ ATT GGC 3’
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QUESTION #12:
A
Which of the following is a DNA template?
A. GGC TTA GGT
B. TTA GGU GGA
C. AAU CCT AAG
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QUESTION #13: (BY PAIR)
showed that genes are located on chromosomes, the two constituents of chromosomes - proteins and DNA - were the candidates for the genetic material
What is the contribution of TH Morgan’s group to molecular genetics?
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QUESTION #14:
What are the two strains of Streptococcus used in the transformation experiments by Griffith?
the “rough” avirulent strain and the “smooth” virulent strain
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QUESTION #15: (BY PAIR)
According to Griffith’s Experiment, why did he suggest that DNA is the genetic material?
DNA as transforming principle: “transformed” avirulent strains to
virulent strains
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QUESTION #16: (BY PAIR)
How did Hershey and Chase monitor the fate of DNA if their experiment
radioactive labelling with P
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QUESTION #17: (BY PAIR)
How did Hershey and Chase monitor the fate of PROTEINS if their experiment
radioactive labelling with S