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BBA 04
Bahria University
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Harvard Referencing Generic and standardized way of acknowledging
the information and ideas of cited authors
Most commonly used style in management journals
Author - Date style of referencing
Two divisions: In-text referencing
End-referencing /List of references
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In Text Referencing Where the authors name is used as part of a sentence, only
enter the date in brackets Cooper and Schindler (2001) argued that ..
If not referred to directly, you need to put both surnameand date in brackets in ascendin order It has been argued that (Goodstein, 1994a, 1994b, 2003; Ingram
and Simons, 1995).
If there are more than two authors, enter the name of thefirst author and et al. There is general consensus in the literature that.. (Goodstein,
1994; Ingram and Simons, 1995; Wood et al., 2003).
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In Text Referencing Where different type of sources are used
......indicated by the literature in this area (Goodstein,
2003; Ingram and Simons, 1995; Wood et al., 2003;Wikipedia, 2007; MoD, 2007).
When indicating a page number, you can do it like this
, , .
(Meyer and Rowan, 1977: 342) or
(Meyer and Rowan, 1977, p. 342)
When using a secondary source
... (Farrow, 1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988) or Farrow (1968, as cited in Ward & Decan, 1988) ...or
Ward and Decan (1988) cited Farrow (1968) as finding...
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Important! All the commas, semicolons, colons, full stops and
brackets cannot be altered.
Where the name of an author is a natural part ofthe sentence, it is not written in the brackets.
. .can be used
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End Referencing List of references at the end of the document should be
arranged alphabetically by the surname of authors Book:
When the whole book is written by the named author(s).
, . . , . . ,
(7th edition), Singapore, McGraw-Hill.
When you are naming the editor of the book
Baum, J. A. C. (ed.) (2002), Companion to Organisations, Oxford,Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
When each chapter is written by different authors
Amburgey, T. L. and Singh, J. V. (2002), Organisational Evolution inBaum, J.A.C. (ed), Companion to Organisations, Oxford, BlackwellPublishers Ltd.
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End Referencing Report
A stand alone report Chaplin, J., Mangla, J., Purdon, S. and Airey, C. (2005),
The Workplace Employee Relations Survey 2004, ,
Research.
Part of a series
Hogarth, T., Hasluck et al.(2001), Employee friendly
flexible working 2000: Baseline study of employeefriendly flexible working practices in Great Britain, DfEEResearch Report No. 249, Nottingham, DfEE
Publications.
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End Referencing Journal Article
Meyer, J. W. and Rowan, B. (1977), Institutionalisedorganisations: formal structure as myth and ceremony,
American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 83, No. 2, pp. 340-63.
Elliott, M. (2007, January 22), The Chinese Century, Time,Vol. 169, No. 2, pp. 15-23
Newspaper Article
Roberts, D. (1998), BAe sells property wing for $301m,The Daily Telegraph, London, 10 October, pp. 31.
Guardian (1992), Fraud trial at Britannia Theme Park,
The Guardian, Manchester, 5 February, pp. 4.
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End Referencing Net Download
Wikipedia (2007), Harvard Referencing, [online] Availablefrom http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_referencing,[Accessed 6thApril 2007]
Telenor (2007), About Telenor, [online] Available fromhttp://www.telenor.com/about/, [Accessed 6thApril 2007]
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End Referencing Working Paper
Dex, S. and Smith, C. (2001), Which British employershave family-friendly policies? Analysis of the 1998Workplace Employee Relations Survey, Research papers
in management studies, WP 17/2001, Cambridge, TheJudge Institute of Management Studies.
Thesis
David, S. (2003), The role of power in employmentrelations, Unpublished PhD thesis, Cass Business School,London.
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Purpose of Proposal
To present the problem to be researched and itsimportance
o scuss t e researc e orts o ot ers w o aveworked on related problems
To suggest the data necessary for solving the problemand how the data will be gathered, treated andinterpreted
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Purpose of Proposal (cont.)
A proposal is also known of a work plan that tells: What will be done
Whyit will be done
ow t w e one Where it will be done
To whom it will be done
What is the benefit of doing it
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Proposal Development
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Proposal Complexity
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Types of Research ProposalsResearch proposals can be divided between those generatedfor internal and those for external audiences. An internal proposal is done by staff specialists or by the
research department within the firm.
External proposals may sponsored by university grantcommittees, government agencies, governmentcontractors, not-for-profit organizations, or corporations.
Generally, the larger the project, the more complex the
proposal. These can be further classified: Solicited proposals
Unsolicited proposals
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Types of Research Proposals (cont.)
Solicited proposals is often in response to an RFP, islikely competing against several others for a contractor grant
Unsolicited proposals represents a suggestion by acontract researcher for research that might be done
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Types of Research Proposals (cont.)
There are three levels of complexity:exploratory studies, small-scale studies, and large-scalestudies.
research proposal.
The large-scale professional study is the mostcomplex and could be worth up to several million
dollars.
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Modules to include in a proposal
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Structure of A Research Proposal Executive summary
Problem statement
Research objectives
Budget
Schedule
Facilities
Literature review Benefits of study
Research design
Data analysis Nature/ Form
Research qualifications
Project management Bibliography
Appendices
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Structure of A Research Proposal Executive summary
Thrust of a proposal
Problem statement, ,
management questions Research objectives
General to specific
Specific, concrete and achievable Literature review
Historically significant research studies, company dataor industry reports
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Structure of A Research Proposal Benefits of the study
Importance of doing the study now should beemphasized
Technical details: sample selection, sample size, datacollection method, instrumentation, procedures andethical requirements
Data analysis Nature/ Form of results
Contractual statement, statistical conclusions, appliedfindings, recommendations, action plans, models,
strategic plans -----------
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Structure of A Research Proposal Qualifications of researchers
Professional research competence, relevant managementexperience
Budget
Schedule Critical path method, Gantt Charts
Facilities and special resources Project management Bibliography Appendices
Glossary, measurement instrument and others
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Budget
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Schedule
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Schedule
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Evaluating the Research Proposal Development of review criteria
Assignment of points
Assignment of weights
Generation of a proposal score Consideration of other factors