Download - Lecture 4
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Determining SystemRequirements
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SDLCProject Identification
& Selection
Project Initiation& Planning
Analysis**
Logical Design
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
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Requirements Determination System requirements
Functional requirements Current and future functions Current and future data Current and future employee jobs
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Requirements Structuring Two essential views of the current and
replacement information systems. Both are describing the same system, but in a different way.
Process view: The sequence of data movement & handling operations within the system
Data flow diagrams
Data: The inherent structure of data independent of how or when it is processed
Entity-relation diagrams
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Remember to...
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Who will you get info from? User Stakeholders
Users Managers
Client Stakeholders Technical Stakeholders
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What Information Do You Need?
1. 2. 3.
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Traditional Methods for Determining System Requirements
Administering questionnaires Interviewing and listening Interviewing groups Directly observing users Analyzing procedures & other
documents
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Administering QuestionnairesAdvantages & Disadvantages Strengths
1. 2. 3.
Weaknesses 1. 2. 3.
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Give Me Ambiguity or Give Me Something Else! How often do you back up your
computer files? A. Frequently B. Sometimes C. Hardly at all D. Never
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This is better… How often do you back up the
computer files stored on the hard disk on the PC you use for over 50% of your work time? A. Frequently (at least once per week) B. Sometimes (from 1 to 3 times per
month) C. Hardly at all (once per month or less) D. Never
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Interviewing & Listening
Before During the interview Afterwards
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During the Interview Beginning
Introduction, open-ended questions, interest & attention
Middle Open & close-ended questions, f-u
questions, active listening, provide feedback, limit note-taking
End Summarize, request feedback and/or f-u,
ask for corrections
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InterviewsAdvantages & Disadvantages Strengths
Extracts both qualitative and quantitative data
Detailed and summary data
Good way to find needs and assumptions
Weaknesses Requires skills May be biased;
May collect lots of useless data
Expensive, time consuming
Requires other methods to verify results
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How do you choose interview questions?
Open-ended questions 1. 2. 3.
Closed-ended questions 1. 2. 3.
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Find out about someone’s job
Write 3 open-ended questions
Ask 3 open-ended questions (You may substitute questions during interview.)
Write down answers
Write 3 closed-ended questions
Ask 3 closed-ended questions (You may substitute questions during interview.)
Write down answers
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Interviewing Groups Adv & Disadv Strengths
Not biased by one user’s opinion
Can get many user’s opinion
Weaknesses With many people
present, decision-making takes time
Interruptions during process
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You May Need to Analyze Work Procedures Work procedures describe a
particular job or task May show duplication of effort May find missing steps May contradict info collected from
interviews, questionnaires, and observations
Formal systems vs informal systems
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Directly ObservingUsers Strengths
Doesn’t rely on a user’s memory
More objective and accurate than interviews
Weaknesses Hawthorne effect Time consuming
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Temporary Job Assignment Strengths
Good for learning context, terminology, procedures
Provides insight for other questions
Get operation “feel”; adds to analysts credibility with users
Weaknesses Time Consuming May bias future
work design towards way things are currently done
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Reviewing internal documents Strengths
Good way to learn history and politics
Explains current context
May help understand why and way of current procedures & applications
Weaknesses May bias future
work design Not useful for
obtaining current attitudes or motives
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Modern Methods for Determining System Requirements
Prototyping Joint Application Design (JAD) - Intensive
meetings between users, managers, sponsor, & systems analysts to discuss & review system requirements
Group Support Systems (GSS) to share ideas & voice opinions
BPR – Business process reengineering CASE tools to analyze existing systems