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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 1
, c BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Lecture 3:
FOUNDATIONS, COLUMNS
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 2
Foundations content:
Introduction
1. Basic design principles
2. Classification of foundations
3. Special design problems of shallow foundations
Strip foundations
Pad foundations
Slab foundations
4. Impermeable space limitations
5. Deep foundations
a. Box and well foundations
b. Pile foundations
c. Slurry wall foundations
6. Design problems of trench walls
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 3
Introduction
„The structure stands on soil, which is not reinforced concrete!”
Improper design of the foundations may cause severe damages:
-uneven settlements
-swimming up
-sliding
-loss of stability due to tilting
Foundations transmit generally compression originated by vertical loads, but
horizontal actions (wind, earthquake) may produce also tension in anchorage
members (piles) of the foundation.
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 4
1. Basic design principles
To avoid uneven settlements (compression) stress distribution on foundation-soil
contact surface should be near uniform.
Position of the foundation-soil contact surface (foundation depth):
-on load-bearing soil layer
-under freeze depth (at about 80 cm in Hungary)
The mode of foundation depends from:
-physical characteristics of the soil layers
-underground water conditions (max. level, aggressive behaviour)
-neighbour construction
-circumstances of the execution
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 5
2. Classification of foundations
According to foundation depth:
Shallow foundations
Strip foundations
Pad foundations
Slab foundations
Deep foundations
Box foundation
Well foundation
Pile foundations
Slurry walls
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 6
3. Special design problems of shallow foundations
usoildsoil ffA
F,, α= 0,25 to 0,75
It is recommended that at least half of the contact area be working
(That is the eccentricity is smaller than B/4)
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 7
Stepping down to foundation level of the neighbouring building (or
following the surface slope)
Strips arranged in perpendicular
direction
Periodical underpinning of the
neighbouring foundation
concreting
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 8
Danger of swimming up by high water table
ground water insulation
level
provisory sinking
of the water table
during construction
Q: only self-weight may be necessary
buildingwatermA3,1Q 1,3: safety factor
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 9
DANGER OF TILTING AT SUPERPOSITION OF SOIL PRESSURE
Bodenspannung in der Tiefe z –
soil presure in depth z
Setzungsmulde – settlement ,,basin,,
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 10
3.1 Strip foundations
mass concrete wall
dct
dsoil
f
f
,
,3tan
reinforced concrete
yd
2d,soil
szf2
aA
transverse steel longitudinal reinforcement
to distribute uneven loading
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 11
Strip foundation along neighbouring building
or: combined footing in perpen-
dicular direction
rc. wall strip footing
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 12
3.2 Pad foundations (Block foundation)
starter bars of the column
Calculation of xc by successive approximations
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 13
Pad foundations of prefabricated rc columns
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 14
Partially prefabricated pad foundation:
- prefabricated sleeve
- monolithic rc pad on
- mass concrete block
kiöntő beton – conrete filling
előregyártott kehely – prefab. sleeve
monolit talp – monolithic pad
központosító szerelvény – centering device
szerelőbeton – blinding
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 15
Reinforcement
system of eccentrically
loaded pad
foundation
starter bars
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 16
Continuous transition from pad
foundation to elastic badding
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 17
3.3 Slab foundations
-By high ground water level
-Danger of uneven settlements
-To reduce settlement by higher load intensities
Characteristic settlements under a 10 storey building
-strip foundation: 4 to 6 cm
-pad foundation: 2 to 4 cm
-slab foundation: 1 to 2 cm
Calculation of moment distribution as elastically supported slab
„Thumb rule”:
foundation slab thickness = number of floors supported x10 cm
but min. 25 cm
Foundation slab above freeze depth
„Clasp” light-weight structural system
in the 1980-ies:
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 18
4. Impermeable space limitations
a) White basin (Weisse Wanne)
GOK – ground level
BWS (Bemessungswasserstand)-
Design water level
watertight construction
joint in watertight concrete
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 19
b) Black basin (Schwarze Wanne)
GOK – ground level
Bei bindigen Böden –
By cohesive soils
Bei nicht bindigen Böden – –
By cohesionsless soils
Abdichtung – water insulation
BWS – design water level
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 20
injection hose
Perimeter heat insulation
Watertight concrete
Protective concrete
Sand bad or lean concrete
Faundation slab
Protective concrete
layer
Insulation
Blinding
Back wall
Foundation slab
Protective concrete
Insulation
Blinding
Foundation slab to wall joint by white basin (a, b) and black basin (c, d)
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 21
Injection hose applied at dilatation joint
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 22
5. Deep foundations
5.1.Box and well foundations
Applied in bridge construction,
for oil drilling towers
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 23
Well foundations
Sinking by excavation
Cutting edge
Bearing capacity: 1000 to 10000 kN
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 24
5.2 Pile foundations
Ways of force transfer between piles and the soil End-bearing Standing Floating Friction Standing-friction Tension
pile pile pile pile pile pile
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 25
CONSTRUCTION OF MONOLITHIC BORED PILES
Spiral drilled monolithic rc piles Franki piles
punner
concreted during being backdrawn
Length: max. 16 to 18 m
Diameter max 60 cm (100 at bottom)
Capacity: 1000 to 3000 kN
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 26
Micro piles (root piles)
Cement mortar – 600 kg/m3 cement - injection into 8 to 25 cm diameter back-
drawn steel tube, 4 to 20 m long, 1 piece of 16 to 20 mm diameter steel bar in the
axis
Steel tube
Interior injection tube
Closing sack
Widespread use for posterior
strengthening of existing foundations Expanded injection body
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 27
5.3 SLURRY WALL FOUNDATIONS
40 to 80 cm thick, up to even 40 m deep underground rc walls, monolithic or
prefabricated used for vertical and/or horizontal supporting: foundation walls
or retaining walls-
The ditch excavated for the construction of slurry walls is provisory filled with
a fluid heavier than the water- bentonite - to resist the pressure of soil and
underground water
When the ditch is being filled with concrete, the bentonite is regained for the
next use
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 28
SLURRY WALL
CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGIES
a) Construction in pilgrim step
using moulding tubes
b) Using prefabricated rc
members for jointing
c) Using prefabricated
rc wall units
Erdkerne – soil cores
Vor- Nachläuferlamellen –
first and 2nd phase wall sections
Abschalrohr – moulding tube
Schüttrohr – casting tube
Leitwand – guide wall
Abpumpen der Stützflüssigkeit
– pumping down of supporting fluid
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 29
TRENCH WALLS
Trench: the excavated underground space under buildings serving for
the construction of the foundation and the underground levels of the
building
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 30
PILE WALLS Innenschale- internal shell
HDBV-Säule – jet-grouted column
Spritzbeton – shotcrete
Zwickelinjektion – jetgrouted micropile
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 31
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 32
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 33
SPECIAL MONOLITHIC PILE CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY:
SOIL STRENGTHENING BY JET-GROUTING
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 34
SOIL STRENGTHENING UNDER EXISTING FOUNDATIONS BY JET-
GROUTING
Injektionslanzen – injection lance
Verfestigungskörper – strengthening bodies
ab 2,5 m Anker vorsehen –
above 2,5 m back anchorage necessary
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 35
NATURAL AND INJECTED GROUND WATER BARRAGE
Naturlicher Grundwasserstauer – natural ground water barrage
Verbauwand – trench wall (slurry wall)
Baugrubensohle – trench bottom
Injections (HDBV) Sohle – jet grouted soil layer barrage
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 36
TRENCH LIMITING SLURRY WALL
a) integrated into the structure b) separated from the structure
by sliding joint
gross- great
klein - small
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 37
WAYS OF INTEGRATION OF THE
TRENCH WALL INTO THE
STRUCTURE OF THE BUILDING
a) Back anchored slurry wall with natural
ground water barrege
b) Like a) with jetgrouted soil layer barage
c) Slurry wall supported provisorily
by every secomd floor slab
d) Back anchored jetgrouted completition of the
foundation of the neighbouring buildung
e) Slurry wall supports by floor slab cornice
f) Slurry wall support by soil embankment
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 38
BACK ANCHORES OF SLURRY WALLS
possible sliding plane
Távolságtartó – spacer
Gumiszelep – gummí walve
Befogési szakasz -restrained section
Zárózsák - closing sack
Injektálő cső – injection tube
Védőcső – protecton tube
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 39
Pfahl- bzw. Schlitzwand –
pile or slurry wall respectively
Leitwand - guide wall
Ausgleichsschicht –
equalizing layer
Abdichtungsrücklage –
insulation back wall
Telleranker –
Plate anchorage
Trenn- und Gleitschichte –
Separating and sliding layers
DETAILS OF INTEGRATED TRENCH WALLS a) White basin b) Black basin with impeded relative settlement c) Black basin with unavoidable
relative settlement
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 40
INTEGRATED TRENCH WALL
BY HIGH DEMANDS ON
SURFICE AND WATERTIGHTNESS
a) Integrated trench wall
as white basin
b) Mixed construction method with
simultaneous extension
upward and downward
Tertier natürlicher Grundwasserstauer –
Natural ground water barrage
Abdichtungsrücklage – insulation back wall
Bohrschablone – drilling mould
Bohrpfahlwand mit Zwickeldichtung–
Drilled pile wall with wedge insulation
Künstlicher GW Stauer z.B. Hochdruckbodenvermörtelung
– Artificial ground water barrage for example with soil jet-grouting
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 41
3.2 COLUMNS
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 42
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 43
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 44
S. Calatrava: Extension of the Malwaukee Art Museum
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 45
S. Calatrava: City of Arts and Sciences, Valencia
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 46
Calatrava: Saint Exupéry Airport Railway Station, Lyon
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 47
Calatrava: Saint Exupéry Airport Railway Station, Lyon
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 48
static model
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 49
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 50
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 51
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 52
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BME Department of Mechanics, Materials and Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Foundations, columns 53
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