Download - Lecture 3 - British Direct Intervention
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MPW 123
Malaysian Studies
By
Hj. Kamal Abd Razak
MBA Techno-Entrepreneurship
012-6550746
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected] -
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THE COLONIAL ERA
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Direct Intervention
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Factors for British Intervention
Rich in raw materials like tin
Industrial revolutions in Europe: raw
materials and export markets
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Investment by English businessmen
especially in tin mining
Fear of other western powers
intervention like Italy, German,
France, etc
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Opening of Suez canal in 1869
Situation of anarchy (lawlessness, socialand political disorders)
Civil wars between rulers and noblemenover throne and territory
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Wars between Chinese secret societies
Pirate activities in Straits of Malacca
Conservative Party elected in 1874, change of
foreign policy
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The Resident System
British intervened with the excuse of
protecting the interests on British
merchants
Chaos broke out with the Larut War (for
the control over the tin mines)
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PERAK 1874
Chieftains such as Ngah Ibrahim and Raja
Abdullah requested Britishs help
The Pangkor Treatywas signed (1874)
J.W.W. Birchappointed the first resident
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SELANGOR (1874)
Civil war involving Raja Mahadi and RajaAbdullah
British intervention was not welcomed
British cargo boat was attackedBritish took asan excuse to intervene
J.G. Davidsonappointed the ResidentandFrank Swettenhamas his assistant.
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PAHANG (1880)
Civil war between Wan Mutahir and Wan
Ahmad for the post of Chief Minister
A British citizen was murderedBritish
took as an excuse to interfere
Sultan Ahmad was forced to sign a treaty
and receive a Resident (1888)
J.P. Rodger (Resident)
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The Resident System
Duties of the Resident
1. To restore and maintain peace and order
2. To develop the resources of the state3. To set up a regular system of revenue
collection and administration
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Problems faced by the Residents
No set of rules or instructions to guide them
Depended on their own initiative and
resourcefulness
No authority to force Sultan to accept his advice
ignorance of local values and sensibilities
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For Instance
J.W.W. Birch in Perak was not liked by Sultan and
was opposed by the Perak chief until he was killed
in Pasir Salak
Birch cancelled a loan the Sultan and granted to a
trader.
Brought disgrace to the Sultan
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Merits of the Resident System
Stable government, peace and order
Development in transport and communication
Development in agriculturerubber was introduced
Social changesdebt slavery abolished
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The Federated Malay States (FMS)
Through the Federation Agreement (1896) the
Federated Malay States were formed
Federal Treaty, consisting of Selangor, Perak,
Pahang and Negeri Sembilan
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The Federated Malay States (FMS)
Headed by a Resident-General based in KualaLumpur
The Resident-General responsible to the HighCommissioner in Singapore
Federal Council, 1895, acting like a Cabinet wassetup in Kuala Lumpur
Durbar Conference, 1897, meeting of the fourRulers, to discuss customary practices, Islam and
Malay welfare
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The Federated Malay States (FMS)
Federal Council, 1895, acting like a Cabinet
was setup in Kuala Lumpur
Durbar Conference, 1897, meeting of the four
Rulers, to discuss customary practices, Islam
and Malay welfare
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Reasons for setting up FMS
to address Pahangs financial problems
to standardize the administration (lead to
efficiency)
to ensure security
to check the Residents power
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Merits of FMS
Efficient administration
stable government peace and order
heads of departments set up
system of justice, police and armywere created
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Merits of FMS
Economic progress
improved communications
increase in population development of tin and rubber industries
growth of towns
increase in revenue
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Non-federated Malay States
Kelantan, Terengganu, KedahandPerliswere under the protection of Siam
Bangkok Treaty 1909, the Siamese
agreed to hand over these states to theBritish
British advisors were appointed i.e.Kelantan-J.S. Mason 1910
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Non-federated Malay States
British power made it difficult for other
Western power to penetrate the Northern
states
1919the four states were combined as
the Non-Federated Malay States
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Non-federated Malay States
Having successfully expanded into the
Unfederated Malay States the British
effectively controlled the whole of
peninsula.
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DECENTRALISATION OF POWER
distribution of central power (1920s)
important powers distributed to the states
concerned
finance and services
Railway
Custom and postal service
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Underlying factor for decentralization
1. dissatisfaction among the Sultans (states
with Residents)
2. Decline of world economy in the 1920s.
3. The struggle of power between the
Resident General and High
Commissioner.
4. British intention to combine the FMS and
NFMS
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Conclude
Distribution of power implemented by
English was based on economic and
political motives.
British had intention of ruling whole of
Malaya under one administrative entity
that is Malayan Union.
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Conclude
However, this distribution of power was
not successful because the Japanese
invaded Malaya in 1941.
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Thank You