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Lecture 2
MacromoleculesCarbohydrates
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Thanks, Water!
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Yesterday’s Exit Ticket:
OH
H Shared Electrons
Covalent Bond
Covalent Bond
Hydrogen Bond
OH
H Shared Electrons
Covalent Bond
Covalent Bond
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqjcCvzWwww
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The polarity of water molecules, and the resulting hydrogen bonds among molecules,give water properties that support life on Earth
• Cohesion• Temperature moderation• Solvent of life• ??
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Key Themes(2) “Think Like a Biologist”: Understand What Life Is.
“Unity” of life: What are the common features of all life?
• Structure and function of the molecules of life
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Organic vs. Inorganic
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: – Biologically-derived– Contain carbon (C) and
often hydrogen (H)– Involve covalent bonds
• INORGANIC COMPOUNDS:– Not biologically-derived– Feature ionic bonds
?
Blogs.scientificamerican.com; demotix.com
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BIOLOGY CRASH COURSE:(Because I can only talk so much…)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnQe0xW_JY4&list=EC3EED4C1D684D3ADF
Another one on water and bonds:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HVT3Y3_gHGg
(1:54-5:07)
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Most macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
• Three of the four classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers:– Carbohydrates– Proteins– Nucleic acids
• A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
• These small building-block molecules are called monomers
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings; provocraft.com
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Biologically Important Macromolecules
1. Carbohydrates (made from simple sugars)
(large molecules constructed from simpler molecules)
2. Lipids (from fatty acids)
4. Proteins (from amino acids)3. Nucleic acids (from nucleotides)
Fig. 4.1: Life is based on carbon
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The polarity of water molecules, and the resulting hydrogen bonds among molecules,give water properties that support life on Earth
• Cohesion• Temperature moderation• Solvent of life• Macromolecule creation and breakdown
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All macromolecules are formed from small building blocks strung together by removing water:
-H from one end and
-OH from the other
Synthesis (formation) of macromolecules
HO H1 2 3 H HO
H2OFig. 5.2 (a)
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Fig. 5.2 (a)
Synthesis (formation) of macromolecules
Single unit = monomer; macromolecules with many monomers = polymers
Dehydration removes a watermolecule, forming a new bond
Short polymer Unlinked monomer
Longer polymer
HO
HO H
H1 2 3
1 2 3 4
H HO
H2O
Dehydration synthesis
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Macromolecules are broken down by adding water (hydrolysis).
Breakdown (digestion) of macromolecules
Fig. 5.2 (b)
Hydrolysis adds a watermolecule, breaking a bond
HO H
HHO H HO
H2O
1 2 3 4
321
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Synthesis and Breakdown of Macromolecules
http://www.colorado.edu/ebio/genbio/05_02Polymers_A.html
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Today’s Exit Ticket• Make a chart listing the 4 types of biological
molecules, their monomers, and their functions
Macromolecule Monomer or Types
Function(s) Key Element(s) (e.g. carbon)
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Carbohydrates
healthtips-sastha.blogspot.com
• Carbohydrates are sugars and their polymers– Monomer: monosaccharides (single sugars)– Macromolecules: disaccharides & polysaccharides– Key elements:
• C, H, O
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• Lipids do not form polymers• The unifying feature of lipids is having little or
no affinity for water (hydrophobic)• Key elements: C, H• Biologically important lipids:
– Fats– Phospholipids– Steroids
Lipids
Recipes.wiki.com; pictureschat.com;
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• Fats: Energy storage• Phospholipids: Cell membranes• Steroids: Hormones, cholesterol
communication component of animal cell membranes, precursor for
hormones
Animals.nationalgeographic.com
Lipid Functions
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Proteins– Monomer: Amino acids– Polymer: Polypeptide (aka protein)– Key Elements: C, H, N, “R” (R varies)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Proteins are:a) Hydrophobicb) Hydrophilicc) Could be eitherd) Not sure
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Protein Functions• Proteins are >50% of the dry mass of most cells
– Structural support– Storage– Transport– Cellular communications– Movement– Defense against foreign substances– ALL enzymes are proteins – chemical reactions
wouldn’t occur in our cells without proteins!
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
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Nucleic Acids– Monomer: Nucleotides– Polymer: Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)– Key Elements: Sugar (C, H, O), N, Phosphate (P, O)– Functions: Stores and transmits hereditary information
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Nitrogenousbase
Phosphategroup Sugar
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Fig. 5-27ab5' end
5'C
3'C
5'C
3'C
3' end
(a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
(b) Nucleotide
Nucleoside
Nitrogenousbase
3'C
5'C
Phosphategroup Sugar
(pentose)
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Fig. 5-UN2
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Real World Connection:Human Health
The role of nutrition in(physical & mental) health
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Functions of diet
• Energy supply• Building blocks • Regulators of metabolism
Guysandgoodhealth.com
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Cellular respiration releases energy: O2 + Sugar H2O + Energy + CO2
I(H-C-OH)n
I
Sugars are “burned” for energy gain with oxygen in cellular respiration
Energy supply
Breaking C-H bonds releases energy
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Photosynthesis uses solar energy to make sugars: O2 + Sugar H2O + Energy + CO2
I(H-C-OH)n
I
Building C-H bonds requires energy
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Respiration
CHOH
sugar
Breaks C-H bonds(releasing a lot of energy)
Life’s major energy conversions: Light energy Chemical Energy Cellular Work
Photosynthesis
Makes C-H bonds(using the sun’s energy)
http://www.okgenweb.org/~okmcinto/Midway/classlist/1984.htm
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5 minute break…
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Carbohydrate macromolecules are built from simple sugars
Simple sugars generally have several of these units: I H - C - OH (CH2O)n
I
The names of carbohydrates often end in “ose”, as for hexose sugars (with 6 C) like glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Fructose
Glucose Galactose
Hexoses (C6H12O6)
Fig. 5.3
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Sugars• Monosaccharides: molecular formulas in multiples of CH2O
– Glucose (C6H12O6) is a common monosaccharide
– Classified by the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton (hexose = 6 Cs)
– Major fuel for cells and as
raw material for building molecules
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
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Glucose Fructose Sucrose
Fig. 5.5
Monosaccharides Disaccharide
Dehydration reaction (-H2O) in the synthesis of sucrose
Sugars exist as rings in the cell.
ET1
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Fig. 5-5
MaltoseGlucoseGlucose
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose
Disaccharides
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Fig. 5-5
(b) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose
Glucose Fructose Sucrose
MaltoseGlucoseGlucose
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose
Disaccharides
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A disaccharide is formed when a dehydration reaction (-H2O) joins two monosaccharides
http://www.colorado.edu/ebio/genbio/05_05Disaccharides_A.html
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Important Monosaccharides
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Foodnsport.com
• Fuel for cells• Raw material for building larger
molecules
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Important Disaccharides
Table sugar (transport sugar in plants) = sucrose
(1 glucose + 1 fructose)
Topnews.in; cals.ncsu.edu
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Important Disaccharides
Table sugar (transport sugar in plants) = sucrose
(1 glucose + 1 fructose)
Meijer.com; thenibble.com
Processing and bleaching
+ Molasses
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Predict the formula for a disaccharide made from two hexoses.A) C2H4O2
B) C6H12O6
C) C12H24O12
D) C12H22O11
Deduce answer by combining pieces you already know.
Hexose has 6 carbons
I Carbohydrates have general formula of H-C-OH or (CH2O)n
C6H12O6 for a hexose I
When two hexoses are connected, one H2O molecule comes out: C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = [C12H24O12 - H2O] = C12H22O11
Think-Pair-Share
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Important Disaccharides
Milk sugar = lactose (1 glucose + 1 galactose)
Farmboy24.flickr.com; thedailygreen.com
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Lactose intolerance
Different from allergy to milk Role of genetic background(Nutrigenomics)
Uneeda-audio.com
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Polysaccharides• Polysaccharides are the polymers of sugars
– Are more than 2 monosaccharides together– Have storage and structural roles
• Glycogen (energy storage in animals)• Starch (energy storage in plants)• Cellulose (cell wall structure in plants)• Chitin (cell wall structure in fungi; exoskeleton
structure in arthropods [insects/crustaceans])
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
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Energy storage polysaccharides: Starch and glycogen are BOTH made from glucose
Starch
Amylose
Chloroplast
Amylopectin
Mitochondria Glycogen granules
0.5 µm
1 µm
Fig. 5.6
Starch - mostly in plants Glycogen - mostly in animals
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• Chitin– Exoskeleton of arthropods– Structural support for the cell walls of many fungi
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Structural Polysaccharides
Chitin forms theexoskeleton ofarthropods.
Chitin is used to makea strong and flexiblesurgical thread.
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Fig. 5.9
Many organisms have enzymes that break bonds in starch.
Only a few microbes have enzymes to break bond in cellulose. Animals cannot break cellulose bond, but some - cows and termites - use microbial symbionts that can.
Cellulose makes up the tightly-packed fiber structure of plant cell walls
Glucosemonomer
Cellulosemolecules
Cellulosemicrofibrilsin a plantcell wall
0.5 µm
10 µm
Cell walls
Microfibril
Fig. 5.8
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Extension.umn.eduHuman Appendix – Biological Remnant?
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Functions of diet
Energy storage capacity:
Gram-for-gram, fats store twice as much energy as carbohydrates and proteins
• Carbohydrates = 4 kcal/gram (CHOH)n
• Proteins = 4 kcal/gram (CH”R”)n
• Fats = 9 kcal/gram (CH2)n
I H - C - OH
I“Carb”
I H - C - H
I Fat
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Glycogen•Quickly mobilized & quickly exhausted•Good for sprint/mental tasks Fat•Slowly mobilized & more lasting•Good for extended exercise/marathon
On “Atkins Diet” (low carbohydrate diet), glycogen stores shrink and can result in “low energy”
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Today’s Exit Ticket• Make a chart listing the 4 types of biological molecules,
their monomers, and their functions
• What element(s) (i.e. atom types) do all 4 molecules have in common?
Macromolecule Monomer or Types
Function(s) Key Element(s) (e.g. carbon)