Lecture 17
November 8 Intra-domain routing
November 13 Internet routing 1
November 15 Internet routing 2
November 20 End-to-end protocols 1
November 22 End-to-end protocols 2
November 27 End-to-end protocols 3
November 29 Exam 4
December 8 Exam 5 and Final
Routing versus Forwarding
Network Number
Interface MAC Address
10 if0 8:0:2b:e4:b:1:2
Network Number Next Hop
10 171.69.245.10
Routing Table:
Forwarding Table:
Why routing protocols?
• Link failures
• New nodes
• Congestion
• Two approaches:– Distance Vector-based on local information– Link State-based on global information
Routing Loops• Example 1
– F detects that link to G has failed– F sets distance to G to infinity and sends update t o A– A sets distance to G to infinity since it uses F to reach G– A receives periodic update from C with 2-hop path to G– A sets distance to G to 3 and sends update to F– F decides it can reach G in 4 hops via A
• Example 2– link from A to E fails– A advertises distance of infinity to E– B and C advertise a distance of 2 to E– B decides it can reach E in 3 hops; advertises this to A– A decides it can read E in 4 hops; advertises this to C– C decides that it can reach E in 5 hops…
Link State Routing
• Each node establishes a list of directly connected neighbors and cost of each link
• Floods that information in a LSP to all neighbors
• Retransmits LSPs from other nodes- but does not echo to sender
Route Calculation
• Each node has enough information to map the network
• Dijkstra’s shorted path algorithm used to compute the routes
Metrics
• Issues– Number of Hops– Latency– Bandwidth or Capacity– Congestion
• Difficult to assign a scalar cost to such a complex and changing problem
ARPANET 2
• Delay=(Depart time-Arrival Time)+Transmission Time+Latency
• Reliability incorporated through the Depart Time parameter
• Wide spread of weights-
• Oscillations
ARPANET 3
• Reduce dynamic range of metric
• Averaging
• Hard limit on changes in metric-like the stock market