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) (: Molecular Biology of the Cell, B. Alberts et. al., 5th edition. Molecular Cell Biology, Lodish et al. 5th edition Genes VII, Lewin B.
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arava@tx
lshirley@tx smadar8b@tx
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Topics for today
Nucleotides structure Purines and Pyrimidines
Sugar
Phosphate Nomenclature
DNA structure Backbone structure
Base pairs
Helix structure
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Nucleotide structure
H H
OH OH
H
O
-O-P-O-CH2
O
O-
BASE
Phosphate
Pentose
5
3
1
Nucleoside
Nucleotide
N
N
HC CH
CH
H
C
N
NHC C
C
H
C
CH
N
N
H
Purine
Pyrimidine
1
3
1
3 97
2
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6 amino purine 2 amino 6 hydroxy purine
4 amino 2 hydroxypyrimidine2,4 hydroxy pyrimidine 5 methyl uracil
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Tautomers: one of two or more structural isomers that exist in equilibrium and arereadily converted from one isomeric form to another. In keto-enol tautomerism asimultaneous shift of electrons and a hydrogen atom occurs
Bases can tautomerize
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Nucleotide structure
H H
OH OH
H
O
-O-P-O-CH2
O
O-
BASE
Phosphate
Pentose
5
3
1
Nucleoside
Nucleotide
2b-D-ribofuranoseb-2 deoxy D- ribofuranose
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Pentoses
D-Ribose D-Arabinose D-Xylose D-Lyxose
b-D-ribofuranoseb-D-2 deoxy ribofuranose
Ribofuranose is a type of Ribose which is a type of Pentose.Related types are: arabinose, Xylose, Lyxose. Depending on theorientation of the OH in positions C2 and C3
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b-D-ribofuranoseb-D-2 deoxy ribofuranose
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b-D-ribofuranoseb-D-2deoxyribofuranose
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b-D-ribofuranoseb-D-2 deoxy ribofuranoseStereoisomers
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b-D-ribofuranoseb-D-2 deoxy ribofuranose
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In ribose, C-4 determines the designation.
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b-D-ribofuranoseb-D-2 deoxy ribofuranose
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b-D-ribofuranoseb-D-2 deoxy ribofuranose
3D structure
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In DNA its C2 endo or C3 endo
In RNA its C3 endo
b-D-ribofuranoseb-D-2 deoxy ribofuranose3D structure
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Glycosidic bond
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N9 to C1 in PurinesN1 to C1 in Pyrimidines
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Glycosidic Bond Angle Definition
The glycosidic bond is at a 90 degree angle to the sugar
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Nucleosides are usually in anti conformation
3D conformation of Nucleosides
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Phosphate
The phosphate adds anegative charge, thereforethe nucleotide is an acid
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Phosphate
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DNA structure
DNA can be divided to two:
BackboneBase pairs
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Phosphodiester bonds
Ester bond: bondbetween a carbon
and an oxygen
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The backbone is antiparallel
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Watson and Crick
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Molecular diagram ofa hypotheticaltetranucleotide, as
proposed(incorrectly) byPhoebus Levenearound 1910.
Phoebus Levene identify the components of DNA, discovered ribose in1909 and deoxyribose in 1929.he also showed that the components were linked in the order phosphate-sugar-base. He called each of these units a nucleotide, and stated that the
DNA molecule consisted of a string of nucleotide units linked togetherthrough the phosphate groups, which are the 'backbone' of the molecule.He was wrong about: 1. he thought there were only four nucleotides permolecule.2. He though that the amounts of A, G, C and T are equal.He even declared that it could not store the genetic code because it was
chemically far too simple.
http://www.farooqhussain.org/projects/photo_album.2006-06-09.doublehelix/triplehelix3/viewhttp://www.farooqhussain.org/projects/photo_album.2006-06-09.doublehelix/triplehelix3/viewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tetranucleotide_.png -
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Watson and Crick
Linus Pauling
1962- medicine
1962- peace
1954- chemistry
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Watson and Crick
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ia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN 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8/3/2019 Lecture 1 Nucleotides
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Chargaff rules:A=T, G=C.A = G.GC percentages differ between organisms
All possible combinations of base pairs with at least two hydrogen bonds
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN -
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Source: Saenger, W., Principles of Nucleic Acids Structure, Springer Verlag, New York, 1984
p p y g
....
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN -
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Rosalind Franklin results
(Source: Saenger, W., Principles of Nucleic Acids Structure, Springer Verlag, New York, 1984)
Rosalind Franklin results
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN -
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Rosalind Franklin results
That there are 2 helical forms, depending on the relative humidity.
(Source: Saenger, W., Principles of Nucleic Acids Structure, Springer Verlag, New York, 1984)
2. The pitch and the rise of the helix.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN -
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2. The pitch and the rise of the helix.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN -
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Important:2 H- bonds for A:T3 H-bonds for G:CSame size
Tirgul
Hydrogen bonds
"
Only the right tautomers will allow W:C base pairing
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN -
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Tautomers: one of two or more structural isomers that exist in equilibrium and arereadily converted from one isomeric form to another. In keto-enol tautomerism asimultaneous shift of electrons and a hydrogen atom occurs
O y t e g t tauto e s a o C base pa g
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN -
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Base Pairing
Covalant bonds ~100 Kcal/molHydrogen bonds 1-2 Kcal/mol
Watson-Crick base pairs
Wh D bl H li ?
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN -
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Why Double Helix?
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN -
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Why double?
The DNA strand is amphipathic at neutral pH
Why Helix?
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN -
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Why Helix?
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN -
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How many Ps to complete a full turn?
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN -
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How many Ps to complete a full turn?
2R= 2*9=56Each base = 5, therefore: 56/5=11
The angle by which each P turnsrelative to its neighboring P:
2arcsin (2.5/9)=32.3Each P rotates 32.3/360 = 1/11 of acircle.
Why Double Helix?
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN 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Why Double Helix?
A. Amphipatic nature of eachstrand
B. Differences in the lengths ofthe sugar-phosphate and
the bases
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN -
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Major and Minor grooves
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN -
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Major and Minor grooves
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN -
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Helix features:
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN -
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DNA is stabilized by:
1. Hydrophobic effect (bases are buried inside the helix)2. Hydrogen bonds between the base pairs.3. Base stacking interactions (two aromatic rings on top of each other)
influenced by the hydrophobic effectvan der Waal forces
4. Proteins
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg&imgrefurl=http://david.teigland.us/&h=1013&w=1013&sz=162&hl=iw&start=2&um=1&usg=__oD2IM0aPT67OZB231VxKiu_UZgY=&tbnid=DzIQfMg9b-O5kM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnobel%2Bprize%26um%3D1%26hl%3Diw%26rls%3DGGLD,GGLD:2003-42,GGLD:en%26sa%3DN -
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Building blocks bases
sugars
nucleotides DNA structure
Backbone and base pairs
Why double helix
Minor and major grooves
Types of DNA
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