Download - Lecture 1 - Foundations of Psychology
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BOLUCHEVSKAYABOLUCHEVSKAYA
Valentina ViktorovnaValentina Viktorovna
Chair of General and Clinical PsychologyChair of General and Clinical Psychology
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PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY
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THEME 1.THEME 1.
Foundations of PsychologyFoundations of Psychology
1.1. Psychology as Science
1.2. Classical Schools of Psychology1.3. Basic Branches of Psychology and
Fields of Psychology
1.4. Research Methods in Psychology
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PsychologyPsychology
psyche logos
meaning mind meaning study of
or soul
Therefore, psychology means
study of the mind
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The symbol of PsychologyThe symbol of Psychology
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AtkinsonAtkinson
defined psychology as the
scientific study of behavior and
mental processes
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Psychologyis the science thatPsychologyis the science that
studies behavior of organismsstudies behavior of organisms
(1) science,
(2) behavior, and
(3) organisms.
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Modern psychologyis consideredaModern psychologyis considereda
ScienceScience
because it bases its conclusions on data,information obtained by systematicobservations.
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BehaviorBehavior has three aspects:has three aspects:
Cognitiveprocesses refer towhat an individual
thinks. Emotional states
refer to what anindividual feels.
Actions refer towhat an individual
does.
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AnAn organismorganism is any living creatureis any living creature
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Scientific psychology has fourScientific psychology has four
explicitgoals:explicitgoals:
(1) describe,
(2) explain,
(3) predict, (4) control
behavior.
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SoulSoul is a notion expressing
historically changing
point of view onto
psyche, inner world of
a man, as onto somespecial none
material substance,
existing in the human
body and leaving it
only during a sleep or
in case of the death.
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PsychePsyche
is the highest product
of specifically
organized substance
due to which the
reflection of objects
and phenomena of
outer and inner world
occurs. A psyche is
formed in the process
of active reflection of
the reality.
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PsychicActivityPsychicActivity
is a complicated adaptive activity of thebody by means of functioning of the unitedsystem in the brain of a man.
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Three spheresThree spheres of Psychic activity:of Psychic activity:
Cognitive sphere sensation, perception,imagination, memory, attention, thinking, intellect.
Emotional sphere emotional states, relations,and reactions.
Motivational sphere wishes, attractions, wills,motives, action, behavior, and activity.
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The beginning of scientificThe beginning of scientific
PsychologyPsychology is usually associated with the date 1879,
the year that a German scientist named
Wilhelm Wundt founded the firstpsychological laboratory at the University
of Leipzig in Germany
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StructuralismStructuralism
It was described by Wundt who thoughtthe object of psychological investigationshould be the conscious mind.
According to Wundt, the mind should be
studied by introspection (looking at onesown mental experience) in order to breakdown into its components such asimages, sensations and feelings.
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FunctionalismFunctionalism
was developed by William James who thoughtthat the workings of the mind are functional.
He speculated that thinking, feeling, learning,and remembering all activities of the mind serve one major function: to help us survive asa species.
So we should investigate what behavior andthoughts are for.
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GestaltPsychologyGestaltPsychology
A group of German psychologists,
including Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang
Kohler, and Kurt Koffka argued thatperception is more than the sum of its parts
it involves a whole pattern or, in
German, a Gestalt
Gestalt is usually translated as a pattern,
a configuration, or an organized whole
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PSYCHOGOLYPSYCHOGOLY
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BehaviorismBehaviorism
was introducedby John
Watson, whoasserted thatthe purpose ofpsychologyshould be tostudy behavioritself, not themind orconsciousness
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PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis
Sigmund Freudwrote that theproper object of
psychologicalinvestigation shouldbe the unconsciousmind and that our
behavior isdetermined byprocesses that weare not aware of
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Ways ofApproachingthe StudyWays ofApproachingthe Study
ofBehaviorofBehavior
4. the cognitive viewpointasserts that an
immediate cause of a given action or an
emotional state is what a person thinks.
Behavior is influenced by a variety of
mental processes, including perceptions,
memories, and expectations.
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Ways ofApproachingthe StudyWays ofApproachingthe Study
ofBehaviorofBehavior
5. the humanistic viewpointasserts that someof our behavior can only be understood interms of psychological processes that are
uniquely human.
Self-actualization (Abraham Maslow) is the
need to fulfill your talents and potentialities. The will to meaning(Viktor Frankl) is a deep
desire to make sense out of life and discovervalues to live by.
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Eclecticism
is the point of
view that there is
something of
merit in most ofthe schools of
psychology and
in the various
viewpointsdescribed. It is
integrative and
reflects an open-
minded attitude.
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BasicBranches of PsychologyBasicBranches of Psychology
General Psychology, Social Psychology,
Clinical (Medical)Psychology,
ExperimentalPsychology,
DevelopmentalPsychology and so on.
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Medical PsychologyMedical Psychology
General medicalpsychology deals with:
Psychology of a patient,medical stuff, medical
institutions; Psychosomatic andsomatopsychic interactions;
Study of an individual;
Medical deontology and
ethics; Psychohygiene,psychoprophylaxis andpsychotherapy.
Particular psychologydeals with the main aspectsof medical practice in certaindiseases (in surgery,cardiology and so on) and insome definite situations
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Naturalistic observationNaturalistic observation
requires a
researcher to
study behavior as
it is happening in
its own setting.
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The clinical methodThe clinical method
is a research
technique
associated
primarily with the
treatment of
individuals with
mental orbehavioral
disorders
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The case study methodThe case study method
involves the study
of one individual
over a span of
time.
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The SurveyMethodThe SurveyMethod
A survey
attempts to
take a large,
general look
at an aspect
of behavior
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The SurveyMethodThe SurveyMethod
A researcher may be interested in
studying apopulation. A population is a
well-defined group. It need not be large.
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The SurveyMethodThe SurveyMethod
A random sample
allows the laws of
chance to operate and
provides an equalopportunity for any
member of the
population to be
included in the sample.
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The TestingMethodThe TestingMethod
explores human behavior by using
psychological tests of attributes such as
intelligence, personality, and creativity.
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The ExperimentalMethodThe ExperimentalMethod
is a research tool characterized by a
control over variables, the identification of
a cause (or causes), and a well-defined
measure of behavior
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Analysis of creative activity of a clientAnalysis of creative activity of a client
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When making a PsychologicalAnamnesisPsychologicalAnamnesis,,
the main attention should be paid:
to diseases the a client had in the past, first of all, to
serious ones and to reactions to them;
to professional career and to satisfaction with it;
to family and intimate relations;
to relations out of family (friends ,colleagues);
to the most serious problems in the past life and to
reaction to them; to the character of attitude towards alcohol and
smoking abuse.
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Thanks for your attention!