Download - Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
1/38
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
ININ
PARASITOLOGYPARASITOLOGY
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Carmen-Michaela Cretu
MD, PhD, DTM&HCTH ®
“Carol Davila” University of Medicine and PharmacyBucharest
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
2/38
PARASITESPARASITESPARASITIC DISEASESPARASITIC DISEASES
Parasites are very common all over the world, in
humans, animals and vegetables as well.
Concerning their relationship with the host, in these
associations, there are some kind of interactions, the
benefit being on one side (host), on the other one
(parasite), or, rarely, on both sides.
It is a strong interaction between host and parasite
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
3/38
The importance of parasiticThe importance of parasiticdiseasesdiseases
The parasitic diseases can have an acuteacuteevolutionevolution, even up to death:
- Malaria represents the third cause of death in theworld, among the infectious diseases.
- African trypanosomiasis or visceral leishmaniasisare very dangerous, arriving even to death, in theabsence of the specific treatment
Other parasitic diseases, are associated withchronic evolution, representing an importantsource of morbidity (i.e. chronic schistosomiasis)
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
4/38
DracontiasisTemporary inability for workingCutaneous leishmaniasisSkin / mucosa sore
SchistosomiasisSecondary sterility
Malaria, schistosomiasisKidney damage
Schistosomiasis, opistorchiasisLiver cirrhosis
Cysticercosis, VLM, Malaria, SchistosoSeizures
Toxoplasmosis, Oncocerchiasis, OLM,Cysticercosis, Achantamoeba keratitis,
Vision troubles / blindness
Chagas’ disease, Trichinellosis, VLMCardiac disturbances
AscaridiasisIntestinal occlusion
Opistorchiasis, schistosomiasis(S. haematobium )
Gall bladder, or urinary malignances
Malaria, hook wormsIron deficiency anemia
Intestinal parasites (worms)Decreasing the intellectualdevelopment
Intestinal helmints / protozoaMalnourishment, chronic diarrhea
Malaria, Chagas’ diseaseBlood transfusion diseases
Toxoplasmosis, Chagas’ diseaseCongenital malformations
PARASITIC DISEASES MORBIDITY
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
5/38
7 0001.7 million200 millionSchistosomiasis
40 millionFlukes
4,7 million120 millionLymphatic filariasis
1 million18 millionOnchocercosis
65 0001.7 million1.3 billiardHook worms infection
60 0001.3 million1.5 billiardAscaridiasis
70 0001.5 billionAmoebiasis
40 0001.3 million0.3-0.5 millionAfrican trypanosomiasis
42 0001.7 million12 millionLeishmaniasis
17 000600 00016-18 millionChagas’ disease
1.5-2.7 million39 million300-500 millionMalaria
Mortality /Mortality /year year
Morbidity Morbidity InfectedInfectedpersons persons
Parasitic disease Parasitic disease
TROPICAL AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIESTROPICAL AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES- Parasitic diseases represent an important target for internationalorganisms involved in Public Health surveillance- It is estimated that about 33% of the human population is under the riskof parasitic diseases, mainly those living in inter-tropical areas
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
6/38
DEVELOPED COUNTRIESDEVELOPED COUNTRIES Despite the good hygiene level, water supply, vector control,
some parasitic diseases can appear in these countries, either
as epidemic, or sporadic cases This situation seems to be linked to:
- Professional field
- Recreation/business voyages in tropical areas,
change of the nutrition style (i.e. eating raw or improperlycooked meat – taeniasis/cysticercosis, trichinellosis or fish –anisakiasis)
- Life in collectivities (giardiasis epidemics in kindergartens)
- Multiple causes of immune suppression (reactivation of anancient infection - cerebral toxoplasmosis, visceral
leishmaniasis - in HIV patients, or acquiring a new pathogen
like Cryptosporidium parvum, Encephalitozoon intestinalis,
Enterocytozoon bienusi)
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
7/38
EMERGING PARASITIC DISEASES:EMERGING PARASITIC DISEASES:some well known parasitic diseases which can beeasily spread and become frequent:
Due to the climate changes, malaria parasites can be spreadin areas where the disease was initially eradicated:
The climate consequences of El Niño in 1997 was followedby a malaria epidemic in Kenya
The war and social troubles in Africa can explain theincreasing cases in African trypanosomiasis and theresidual foci of dracunculiasis in Sudan
The field irrigation in tropical areas are facilitating theoccurrence of malaria or schistosomiasis infection in these
regions The increase of air transport (for persons or commercial
flights) may facilitate the transport of the parasites from ageographic area to another: ”airport malaria”Commercialized infected meat with Trichinella spp ., the
importation of raspberry contaminated with Cyclospora,from Guatemala to US
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
8/38
DEFINITIONS
Definitive Host : Worms - Harbors Mature Parasite
Protozoa - Harbors Sexually Reproducing Stage
Intermediate Host : Worms - Harbors the Immature ParasiteProtozoa - Harbors Asexually Reproducing Stage
Reservoir Host : Non-Human host which maintains the infection in nature
Vector: Transmits parasite from one host to the next one
Usually a Arthropod - Parasite undergoes compulsory life cycle
development
Transport Host: Direct transmission of the parasite i.e. fecal
contamination by flies
Parasite: organism living together with the host,depending totally or partially on it, but withoutdestroying the host: protozoa, metazoan (worms)
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
9/38
ZoonosisZoonosis:: a common disease to human and domestic orsylvatic animals as well (trichinellosis, schistosomiasis,toxoplasmosis)
Parasite specificityParasite specificity - the capacity of a parasite to develop in a
certain host (or a host group)
The specificity is variable:
- poor or inexistent (toxoplasmosis, trichinellosis)
- moderate (fascioliasis)
- high (enterobiasis)
The specificity is variable upon the host:
i.e. malaria parasite is very specific for human, but less specificfor mosquito (there are several anopheles species known asmalarial vectors)
As a rule:
a disease due to a well adapted parasite has a better tolerancein the host than a disease due to a less adapted parasite
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
10/38
HOSTHOST--PARASITE RELATIONSHIPPARASITE RELATIONSHIP
Saprophyte:Saprophyte: organism living in the nature
on any decomposing material SymbiosisSymbiosis:: some organisms living
together, in association, this kind of lifebeing profitable for both of them
CommensalCommensal:: organism living in contactwith the host, without causing anydisturbances or benefit in host’s life style
PredatorPredator:: organism living initially togetherwith the host, but finally killing the host inorder to nourish himself
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
11/38
PARASITESPARASITES
EctoparasitesEctoparasites:: are living on the body surface, skin, of the host
- Determining by themselves a skin disease, as S. scabies
- Acting as vectors for some parasitic diseases (mosquitoes, flies
- Producing a local, temporary reaction (louse)
EndoparasitesEndoparasites:: are living inside the body host – tissues, blood,
intestine, etc
Parasite location in the host: Parasite location in the host: - can live only in a certain, elective organelective organ of the host: digestivesystem (intestinal parasites), liver (Fasciola spp .), blood(Plasmodium spp.), skin (Sarcoptes spp )
- can live in a not habitual organ – critique sitecritique site – or, they canmigratemigrate in different organs, when the parasite is not very welladapted to the host, which serves to him only for the transport -
paratenicparatenic hosthost (larva migrans syndrome due to the dog’s Ascaris migration)
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
12/38
HOSTHOST--PARASITE RELATIONSHIPPARASITE RELATIONSHIP
Compulsory parasitic lifeCompulsory parasitic life - some parasites alwaysneed a host for surviving and living
Optional parasitic lifeOptional parasitic life - some parasites use to liveas saprophytes in nature and they become parasitesunder certain circumstances
Accidental parasitic lifeAccidental parasitic life - some parasites are livingas free organisms, rarely becoming parasites
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
13/38
PARASITIC INFECTIONSPARASITIC INFECTIONSPATHOGENESISPATHOGENESIS
Human can be host to over 100 kinds
of parasites
Parasitology - largely a study of
symbiosis
When the symbiont is harming thehost, it becomes a parasite
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
14/38
FEATURES OF PARASITICFEATURES OF PARASITICINFECTIONSINFECTIONS
Host immune response
Geographical region
Parasitic burden
First/secondary infection
Associated pathology of the host
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
15/38
TRANSMISSIONTRANSMISSION
Directly,Directly, without any intervention - person to persontransmission (giardiasis, enterobiasis)
IndirectlyIndirectly, by the intervention of an external factor:
- Environment (soil – ascaridiasis, trichuriasis)
- Passive organism (transport host – insects, or vegetables)- Active transmission (vector – mosquito, fly)
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
16/38
TRANSMISSIONTRANSMISSION
Oral contamination Skin penetration
Vector transmission
Sexual transmission
Blood transfusion / organ transplant
Vertical transmission (mother to child)
Other types of contamination
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
17/38
1. Oral transmission1. Oral transmission
A.A. Water, food contaminated by cysts, eggs or larvae: Water, food contaminated by cysts, eggs or larvae:
E. hystolityca Giardia duodenalis
Balantidium coli
Cryptosporidium spp.
Toxoplasma spp.
Cyclospora spp.
Microspora spp .
Ascaris lumbricoides Enterobius vermicularis
Trichuris trichura
Hydatid cyst
Cysticercus /coenurus
Hymenolepis spp.
Toxocara spp.
Fasciola hepatica
Dracunculus medinensis
ProtozoaProtozoa MetazoaMetazoa
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
18/38
B. Improperly cooked meat / fish containing parasitic larvae: B. Improperly cooked meat / fish containing parasitic larvae:
Meat- Trichinella spp.
- Taenia spp.
(T. saginata, T. solium)
- Toxoplasma gondii - Sarcocystis spp.
- Gnathostoma spinigerum
Fish- Opistorchis / Clonorchis
- Paragonimus spp.
- Capilaria philipinensis
- Anisakiasis - Angiostrongylus spp.
- Diphilobotrium spp.
- Heterophies heterophies /
Metagonimus yocogaway
- Gnatostoma spinigerum
- Sparganum
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
19/38
2. Skin penetration2. Skin penetrationdirect penetrationof the living larvae from water / soil, following the skin contact
Schistosoma spp.
A. duodenale / N. americanus; S stercoralis
Myasis
Cutaneous Larva Migrans
Sarcoptes Scabiei
Tunga penetrans
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
20/38
3. Vector transmission3. Vector transmissionskin bite / contamination by a haematophagus vector
Skin bite
Plasmodium spp.
Babesia spp.
T. brucei rhodesiense / gambiense
Leishmania spp.
Wuchereria bancrofty /
Brugia malayi
Onchocerca volvulus, Loa loa
Skin contamination
Trypanosoma cruzi
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
21/38
4.4. SexualSexual transmissiontransmissionEndoparasites
Trichomonas vaginalis
Entamoeba histolytica
Ectoparasites
Phtirius pubis
Sarcoptes scabies
5. Blood transfusion / organ5. Blood transfusion / organ
transplanttransplant Plasmodium spp.
Trypanosoma cruzi Toxoplasma gondii
(primary / ancient, reactivated infection)
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
22/38
6. Vertical transmission6. Vertical transmission(mother to child)
Toxoplasma gondii Trypanosoma cruzi
P. falciparum
7. Other type of contamination7. Other type of contaminationFree living amoeba
Acantamoeba spp.
Naegleria spp.
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
23/38
DracontiasisTemporary inability for workingCutaneous leishmaniasisSkin / mucosa sore
SchistosomiasisSecondary sterility
Malaria, SchistosomiasisKidney damage
Schistosomiasis, OpistorchiasisLiver cirrhosisCysticercosis, VLM, Malaria, SchistosomiasisSeizures
Toxoplasmosis, Oncocerchiasis, OLM,Cysticercosis, Achantamoeba keratitis
Vision troubles / blindness
Chagas’ disease, Trichinellosis, VLMCardiac disturbances
AscaridiasisIntestinal occlusion
Opistorchiasis, Schistosomiasis(S. haematobium )
Gall bladder, or urinary malignances
Malaria, hook wormsIron deficiency anemia
Intestinal parasites (worms)Decreasing the intellectualdevelopment
Intestinal helmints / protozoaMalnourish, chronic diarrhea
Malaria, Chagas’ diseaseBlood transfusion diseases
Toxoplasmosis, Chagas’ diseaseCongenital malformations
EFFECTS ON THE HOSTEFFECTS ON THE HOST
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
24/38
W. bancrofti
S. stercoralis
T. gondii
T. Gambiense
T. cruzi
Leishmania spp.Plasmodium spp.
Lymph nodesSpleen
Bone marrow
T. canis A. lumbricoides
E. granulosus E. multilocularis
S. mansoni Opistorchis spp.
F. Hepatica E. Granulosus
S. mansoni
Plasmodium spp.T. gondii
E. histolytica T. gambiense
Leishmania spp.Microsporidia
Plasmodium spp.
Liver /Bile ducts
Trichinella spp.Dirofilaria immitis
T. solium (cysticercosis)
E. granulosus
H. heterophyes
Toxoplasma gondii T. cruzi
T. b. rhodesiense
Heart
Toxocara spp.A. lumbricoides
W. bancrofti Dirofilaria immitis S. stercoralis
A. duodenale / N. Americanus
E. granulosus Schistosoma spp.
Paragonimus spp.
Toxoplasma gondii Plasmodium spp.
E. histolytica P. carinii x
C. parvum x
Lung
Hypoderma spp.Demodex
Foliculorum Phtyrius pubis
Toxocara spp.Loa loa
O. volvulus Thelazia spp.Dirofilaria repens
T. solium (cysticercosis)
Spirometra spp.
Acantamoeba spp.Toxoplasma gondii
T. cruzi
Eye
Hypoderma spp .
Toxocara spp.Trichinella spp.A. cantonensis
Loa loa
T. solium (cysticercosis)
E. granulosis
Schistosoma spp.Paragonimus spp.
Multiceps spp.H. heterophyes
Plasmodium spp Babesia spp T. b. Gambiense
Naegleria spp.Acantamoeba spp.
Toxoplasma gondii
CNS
ArthropodaNematodaPlat-helmintsProtozoaParasiteOrgan
PP
AA
RR
AA
SS
II
TT
EE
SS’’
LL
OO
CC
AA
TT
II
OO
NN
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
25/38
S. scabiei S. penetrans Cordilobia
spp.Dermatobia
spp.Pediculus
spp.Phtirius
pubis
Demodex foliculorum
Loa loa O. volvulus D. medinensis
Dirofilaria repens S. stercoralis A.brasiliense A.caninum
Gnathostoma spp A. costaricensis
Schistosoma spp.Spirometra spp.
T. gondii Leishmania spp.
Skin
E. vermicularis A.lumbricoides A.duodenale N. americanus S. stercoralis Trichuris trichiura
Anisakis Capilaria
philipinensis Trichinella spp
T. solium T. saginata H. nanaD. latum Fasciolopsis buski H. heterophyes
S. mansoni S. japonicum S. intercalatum
E. histolytica Giardia intestinalis Balantidium coli Isospora belli Cryptosporydium
parvum
Cyclospora spp.Microsporidia Dientamoeba
fragillis
Intesinal lumen
Phtirius pubis
S. scabiei
E. vermicularis W. bancrofti
S. haematobium T. vaginalis E. histolytica
Genital -urinary system
Loa loa E. granulosus S. mansoni
Plasmodium spp.Microsporidia
Kidneyparenchima
Trichinella spp.
Toxocara spp.
T. solium
(cysticercosis)
T. cruzi
Sarcocystis spp.T. Gondii Sarcocystis spp.
Muscles
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
26/38
PARASITIC INFECTIONPARASITIC INFECTIONPathogenesisPathogenesis -- Mechanisms for host injury
Eliciting an Immune Response: hookworm larvae in the lungs causeeosinophilic pneumonia
Mechanical injury - trauma:- hookworm larvae, insect bite, schistosoma eggs during migration
- choledochal occlusion by ascaris, fasciola
- appendicitis due to ascaris, trichiuris, enterobius
- compression on surrounding anatomical structures: hidatid cyst, cysticercus
Nutritional depletion: adult hookworms, ascaris, giardia lamblia
Digestion of host tissues: Entamoeba histolytica
Toxins and toxic metabolites:
- Plasmodium, pruritus due to sarcoptes female migration
- anal pruritus due to E. vermicularis egg deposition- toxins inoculated by insect bite
Behaviour changes: ascaris, enterobius, teniasis, giardiasis
Combinations of the above are common
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
27/38
How the parasite iseliminated by the host?
Through feces - all the intestinal parasites:
nematodes, cestodes, protozoa, eliminating: eggs
(infective or not), larvae, cysts
Through the genital-urinary tract: Schistosoma
haematobium, Trichomonas vaginalis
By haematophagus insects, for the blood parasites:
Anopheles spp. for Plasmodium spp., or
Phlebotomus spp. for Leishmaniasis For the deep tissue parasites sometimes it is
necessary a predator – ingestion of pork meat
containing Cysticercus spp ., or Trichinella larvae
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
28/38
How the parasite can avoidHow the parasite can avoid
the host reactionthe host reaction…… Anatomical separationAnatomical separation by an antigenic amorphous, but permeable structure for
the nutrients (external host layer of the hydatid cyst, collagen capsule of the
muscle fiber, containing Trichinella larvae)
Thick cuticleThick cuticle of the worms
Resistance to the complementResistance to the complement cytotoxiccytotoxic activityactivity
Inhibition of the liposome fusion by the intracellular parasitesInhibition of the liposome fusion by the intracellular parasites –T. gondii
Synthesis by the worms of some proteasesSynthesis by the worms of some proteases destroying the antibodiesantibodies
Host antigens acquisitionHost antigens acquisition (blood group substances on Schistosoma spp .
adults surface, filarial worms)
Antigenic variationAntigenic variation (in T. brucei, P. carinii etc)
ImmuneImmune--suppressionsuppression (lymphocytotoxines secreted by Trichinella spp.)
Surface antigens specific for certain stages of the parasitesSurface antigens specific for certain stages of the parasites (lymphatic(lymphatic
filariasisfilariasis))
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
29/38
Host reaction to the parasiteHost reaction to the parasite……
EncapsulationEncapsulation (Trichinellosis, Cysticercosis)
Calcium depositingCalcium depositing (Trichinellosis, Cysticercosis)
InflamationInflamation -- granuloma formationgranuloma formation (Toxocariasis,
Schistosomiasis) Included intracellularIncluded intracellular (Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmania
spp., T. cruzi )
Tissue reaction:Tissue reaction:- hypertrophy – billiary tree due to Fasciola hepatica
- neoplasia – papilloma and bladder cancer in urinary
Schistosomiasis
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
30/38
Parasitic diseases can occur:Parasitic diseases can occur:
SporadicSporadic – isolated cases, without any connection
EndemicEndemic – the continuously persistence of thedisease, with a minimum morbidity and seasonal
appearance
HyperendemicHyperendemic – endemic, with high morbidity EpidemicEpidemic - a rapid extension of the disease,
including an important number of population
EndemoEndemo--epidemicepidemic – periodical epidemics in anendemic area
PandemicPandemic – epidemic, with extension at large
areas of the world
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
31/38
PARASITES
PROTOSOA METASOA
Sporozoa
• Sporozoans
Sarcodina
• AmoebasPlathelminthes
• Flatworms
Nemathelminthes
• Roundworms
Mastigophora
• Flagellates
Ciliates
• Ciliates
Trematoda
• Flukes
Cestoda
• Tapeworms
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
32/38
IMPORTANT ENDOPARASITES IN HUMAN PATHOLOGY
PROTOZOAPHYLUM RHIZOFLAGELATAE
Order RhizopodaEntamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba hartmanni Entamoeba coli Entamoeba gingivalis
Entamoeba polecki Iodamoeba butschlii Dientamoeba fragilis Endolimax nana Naegleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba spp .
Order FlagellataTrypanosoma brucei
gambiense
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Trypanosoma cruzi Leishmania donovani Leishmania tropica
Leishmania brasiliensis Leishmania mexicana Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas intestina lisTrichomonas tenax
(bucalis) Chilomastix mesnili Retortamonas
(Embadomonas) intestinalis
Enteromonas hominis
Giardia duodenalis
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
33/38
IMPORTANT ENDOPARASITES IN HUMAN PATHOLOGYIMPORTANT ENDOPARASITES IN HUMAN PATHOLOGY
PHYLUM SPOROZOA PHYLUM MICROSPORIDI PHYLUM SPOROZOA PHYLUM MICROSPORIDI AA
HaematozoaPlasmodium spp.
Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium ovale
Babesia spp .CoccidiaSarcocystis hominis Isospora belli Cryptosporidium parvum
Toxoplasma gondii Cyclospora spp.
Nosema spp.
Encephalitozoon spp.Enterocytozoon spp.Pleistophora spp.Septata spp.
PHYLUM CILIATAPHYLUM CILIATA
Balantidium spp
UNCERTAIN TAXONOMY UNCERTAIN TAXONOMY
Pneumocystis carinii Blastocystis hominis
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
34/38
IMPORTANT ENDOPARASITES IN HUMAN PATHOLOGYIMPORTANT ENDOPARASITES IN HUMAN PATHOLOGY
PHYLUM PLATHELMINTH PHYLUM PLATHELMINTH
OrderOrder TrematodaTrematodaDistoma
Fasciola hepatica
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Clonorchis sinensis
Opisthorchis felineus
Fasciolopsis buski
Echinostoma spp.
Heterophyes heterophyes
Metagonimus yokogawai
Paragonimus westermanni :
Schistosoma
Schistosoma haematobium
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma intercalatum
Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosoma mekongi
OrderOrder CestodaCestodaTaenia saginata
Taenia solium
Diphyllobothrium latu m
Spirometra spp
Echinococcus granulosus Echinococcus multiloculari s
Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis diminuta
Dipylidium caninum
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
35/38
IMPORTANT ENDOPARASITES IN HUMAN PATHOLOGYIMPORTANT ENDOPARASITES IN HUMAN PATHOLOGY
PHYLUM NEMATODAPHYLUM NEMATODA PHYLUM PARARTHROPODA
OrderOrder NematodaNematodaTrichuris trichiura Enterobius vermicularis Ascaris lumbricoides Ancylostoma duodenale Necator americanus :Strongyloides stercoralis :
Toxocara spp.Anisakys spp.Capillaria hepatica Angiostrongylus cantonensis Gnathostoma spp .Trichostrongylus spp .Trichinella spiralis
Wuchereria bancrofti Wuchereria pacifica Brugia malayi Loa loa Onchocerca volvulus Dracunculus medinensis
Mansonella spp
OrderOrder PentastomaPentastomaLinguatula serrata Armillifer spp.
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
36/38
IMPORTANT ECTOPARASITES IN HUMAN PATHOLOGYIMPORTANT ECTOPARASITES IN HUMAN PATHOLOGY
PHYLUMPHYLUM ARTHROPODAARTHROPODAOrder InsectOrder Insect OrderOrder Arachnidae Arachnidae
Anoploura (louse)Pediculus humanus
corporis Pediculus
Phthirus pubis
Trichodectes canis
Hemiptera (bugs)Cimex lectularius
Cimex hemipterus
Triatoma infestans Triatoma megista
Rhodnius prolixusAphaniptera (flea)
Pulex irritans Xenopsylla cheopis Nosophyllus fasciatus
Ctenocephalides canis Tunga penetrans
Acarina
IxodidesIxodes ricinus Ixodes scapularis
SarcoptidaeSarcoptes scabiei
DemodicideDemodex
folliculorum
OrderOrder CrustaceeaCrustaceea
Cyclops spp Diaptomus spp.
Diptera (fly, mosquito, phlebotomus)
Anopheles spp.
Culex spp.Mansonia spp.
Aedes spp.
Phlebotomus spp.
Lutzomya spp.Simulium spp.
Chrysops spp.Glossina spp.
Calliphora spp.Lucillia spp.
Gastetrophilus spp.
Cordylobia spp.Auchmeromyia spp.
Cochliomyia spp .Oestrus spp .Sarcophaga spp .Hypoderma spp .
Dermatobia spp .Wolhlfahrtia spp
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
37/38
When a doctor should thinkabout a parasitic disease?
… should have into consideration a parasitic disease, becausethere are a lot of clinical situations related to the parasites:
There are a lot of organs (liver, CNS, eye, skin, lung, etc) and
many medical specialties (neurology, ophthalmology,dermatology, pediatrics, chest diseases, allergology, surgery,infectious diseases, etc…) involved
Travel medicine push the medical doctors to ask their patients
about their travels (duty or holiday), the duration, theaccommodation; the importance of the medical advice beforedeparture and after return, in order to look for the mostimportant diseases common in the respective areas
The well knowledge of the geographic area where the patientshad travel, allows the doctor to suspect or to eliminate a parasite
-
8/19/2019 Lecture 01 - Introduction to Parasitology
38/38
Teniasis
Hymenolepis nana
Trichinella spp.
Trichuris trichura
S. stercoralis E. vermicularis
Paragonimus
africanus
Gnathostoma
spinigerum
A. lumbricoides
S. haematobium S. mansoni S. intercalatum
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
A. duodenale / N. americanus
Onchocerca
volvulus
Fasciolopsis buschi Giardia duodenalis
Angiostrongylus spp.Dracunculus medinensis
Paragonimus westermanii
Toxoplasma gondii
S. mansoni Loa loa Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi
Trichomonas spp.Oncocerca volvulus Wuchereria bancrofti Capillaria philippinensis Microsporidiasis
T. cruzi T. brucei S. japonicum Cyclospora
L. mexicana /L. brasiliense
Leishmania spp (cutaneous, visceral)
Opistorchis felineus Cryptosporidium spp.
Malaria Malaria Malaria E. histolytica South America Africa Asia Cosmopolite
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PARASITESGEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PARASITES