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Introduction To IT
Lecture 01
By Malik M Ali
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Marks Distribution
First Hourly 15 Marks
Second Hourly 15 Marks
Final Exam 35 Marks
Quizzes 10 Marks (5)
Class Participation 05 MarksReading Assign (Presentation)
Course Assignment
10 Marks
10 Marks
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The father of computer
Charles Babbage (1791-1871)
Designed Analytical Engine (1833)
First digital general purpose computer
Mechanical programmable computer
Can do computations, decision making, had
input, storage, processor/mill and output. Contains all theoretical components of
modern computers
Can give output via print out, can storeinformation in the form of punched cards
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Lady Ada The Countess Of Lovelace
(18151852)
Regarded as worlds first computer
programmer
Died of cancer at the age of 36
In 1970s US Department Of Defence
designed a new programminglanguage and gave it the name Ada
in her honour.
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What are computers good at?
Very fast at calculations
Can do repetitive tasks without getting boredwith 100% accuracy
Dont forget and have huge storagecompared to humans. One can store millionsand millions of books in just one computer.
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What are computers not good at?
Pattern recognition
Can not pull data out of theirstorage instantly
Can not come up with innovativenew ideas. We give ideas to
computer and they process ourrequests at very high speeds
1997 deep blue defeated worldchess champion Garry Kasparovwho is considered the best chessexpert of All Times in the historyof man kind. The match wascontroversial !!!
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Some Key events in computing
1904 invention of vacuum tube by John Fleming
1936 Advent of Turing machine.
A theoretical computing machine. Proposed by Sir AlanTuring. Able to solve many computing problems.
The idea of Turing Test
1939 ABC (The Attanasoff Berry computer) Although it was a general purpose computer but mainly used
for solving simultaneous linear equations. The first electroniccomputer built ever.
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Some Key events in computing
1946 ENIAC
Electronic digital computer
Built for US department of Defense
Used 19000 vacuum tubes
Weighed approximately 30 tonnes
Size is 9/80 feet
150 kilo watt electricity required
1950 Invention of floppy disk
Invented by Imperial University Of Tokyo by Yoshiro Nakamats
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Some Key events in computing
1952 Grace Hopper invented compiler
1975 Altair 8800
The first personal computer
used intel 8080 microprocessor
Used 256 bytes memory
1976 Cray 1
The first super computer
167 million operations per second
1981 IBM PC (along with DOS Operating system)
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Some Key events in computing
1984 Apple Machintosh was introduced. The first user friendlymachine which used mouse along with the key board for input.
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Generations
First Generation Computers: Vacuum Tubes 1939-1956
Second Generation Computers: Transistors (1956-1963)
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes as they were
Smaller in size
More reliable Cheaper
Less power required
Third Generation Computers: Integrated Circuits (1964-1971)
Fourth Generation Computers: Microprocessors (1971 to date) Fifth Generation Computers: Which thing is going to replace
transistors???
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Classification Of Computers
Mobile computers
Micro computers
Mini computers/Servers
Mainframe computers
Super computers
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Classification Of Computers
Mobile computers
Lap top computers/note books
Palm top computers/PDAs
Wearable computers Micro computer
Desktop Systems
Workstations
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Classification Of Computers
Mini Computers/Servers:
Almost Vanished
Servers are used instead of mini computers
Memory is in Giga bytes
Storage in Terabytes
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Classification Of Computers
Mainframe computers:
Enterprise servers
used by multiple people with multiple tasks.
Highly reliable
Dont need to switch off while upgrade
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Essential components of computing
Software
System software
Application software
Hardware
Input
Processor Memory
Storage
Output
Bus
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Chapter 1A
Introducing Computer Systems
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The Computer Defined
Electronic device
Converts data into information
Modern computers are digital
Two digits combine to make data
Older computers were analog
A range of values made data
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Computers For Individual Use
Desktop computers
The most common type of computer
Sits on the desk or floor
Performs a variety of tasks
Workstations
Specialized computers
Optimized for science or graphics More powerful than a desktop
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Computers For Individual Use
Notebook computers
Small portable computers
Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds
About 8 by 11 inches
Typically as powerful as a desktop
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Computers For Individual Use
Tablet computers
Newest development inportable computers
Input is through
a pen
Run specialized versionsof office products
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Handheld computers
Very small computers
Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)
Note taking or contact management
Data can synchronize with a desktop
Smart phones
Hybrid of cell phone and PDA Web surfing, e-mail access
Computers For Individual Use
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Computers For Organizations
Network servers
Centralized computer
All other computers connect
Provides access to network resources
Multiple servers are called server farms
Often simply a powerful desktop
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Computers For Organizations
Minicomputers
Called midrange computers
Power between mainframe and desktop
Handle hundreds of users
Used in smaller organizations
Users access through a terminal
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Computers For Organizations
Supercomputers
The most powerfulcomputers made
Handle large and
complex calculations
Process trillions ofoperations per second
Found in research
organizations
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Computers In Society
More impact than any other invention
Changed work and leisure activities
Computers are important because:
Provide information to users
Information is critical to our society
Managing information is difficult
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Computers In Society
Computers at home
Many homes have multiple computers
Most American homes have Internet
Computers are used for Business
Entertainment
Communication
Education
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Computers In Society
Computers in education
Computer literacy required at all levels
Computers in small business
Makes businesses more profitable
Allows owners to manage
Computers in industry
Computers are used to design products Assembly lines are automated
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Computers In Society
Computers in government
Necessary to track data for population
Police officers
Tax calculation and collection Governments were the first computer users
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Computers In Society
Computers in health care
Revolutionized health care
New treatments possible
Scheduling of patients has improved
Delivery of medicine is safer
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Chapter 1B
Looking Inside the Computer System
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Parts of the Computer System
Computer systems have four parts
Hardware
Software
Data
User
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Parts of the Computer System
Hardware
Mechanical devices in the computer
Anything that can be touched
Software Tell the computer what to do
Also called a program
Thousands of programs exist
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Parts of the Computer System
Data
Pieces of information
Computer organize and present data
Users People operating the computer
Most important part
Tell the computer what to do
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Information Processing Cycle
Steps followed to process data
Input
Processing
Output
Storage
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Essential Computer Hardware
Computers use the same basic hardware
Hardware categorized into four types
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Essential Computer Hardware
Memory devices
Stores data or programs
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Volatile Stores current data and programs
More RAM results in a faster system
Read Only Memory (ROM)
Permanent storage of programs
Holds the computer boot directions
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Essential Computer Hardware
Input and output devices
Allows the user to interact
Input devices accept data
Keyboard, mouse
Output devices deliver data
Monitor, printer, speaker
Some devices are input and output
Touch screens
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Essential Computer Hardware
Storage devices
Hold data and programs permanently
Different from RAM
Magnetic storage Floppy and hard drive
Uses a magnet to access data
Optical storage
CD and DVD drives
Uses a laser to access data
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Difference b/w storage & memory
There is more room in storage than inmemory
Contents are retained in storage when
computer is turned off, whereas programs orthe data in memory disappear when you shutdown the computer
Storage devices operate much slower thanmemory chips
Storage is much cheaper than memory
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Software Runs The Machine
Tells the computer what to do
Reason people purchase computers
Two types
System software
Application software
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Software Runs The Machine
System software
Most important software
Operating system
Windows XP
Network operating system (OS)
Windows Server 2003
Utility
Symantec AntiVirus
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Software Runs The Machine
Application software
Accomplishes a specific task
Most common type of software
Word processing softwares Spreadsheets
Database management softwares
Presentation softwares
Graphics programs Entertainment & education software
Covers most common uses of computers
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Computer data
Fact with no meaning on its own
Stored using the binary number system
Data can be organized into files
File: a file is a set of data that has been givena name. A file that the user can open and useis often called a document.
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Computer users
Role depends on ability
Setup the system
Install software
Mange files Maintain the system
Userless computers
Run with no user input Automated systems