![Page 1: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Learning strategies:bridging the gap between
competence processand
Luciano Mariani
Turku, 12 November 2005
![Page 2: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
“Knowing what to do when you don't know
what to do”
![Page 3: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Unless you know
everything, what you need
is to think
![Page 4: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Competence …
… and process
![Page 5: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
explicit
implicit
The curriculum iceberg
"process"
![Page 6: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Can recognise significant points in straightforward
newspaper articles on familiar subjects.
Example of descriptor
(Reading, B1 level)
Common European Framework
C2C1B2B1A2A1
![Page 7: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
competence
performance 1
performance 2
performance 3
performance 4
![Page 8: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
performance
![Page 9: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
performance
strategies
learning processes
![Page 10: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Strategiescognitive
look at the photographs and
read the captions
read headings and subheadings
consider print features like bold, italics
read the beginning of
each paragraph
look out for key words
![Page 11: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Strategiesmetacognitive
plan length and time needed
choose an appropriate strategy
(e.g. skimming)
monitor comprehension while reading
evaluate result and strategies
used
![Page 12: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Strategiessocio-affective
motivationalask for help if
possible
control distractions
manage anxiety and
stress
reward oneself for
results
![Page 13: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Strategiescompensation
deduce meaning of unfamiliar words
?
fill in gaps in comprehension
with "temporary"
guesses
look for external resources
![Page 14: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
performance
strategies
learning processes
styles,intelligences, aptitudes
![Page 15: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
JohnAlice
DennisPatricia
![Page 16: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
global, random, intuitive
visual non-
verbal
analytic, sequential, systematic
visual verbal impulsive,
risk-taking
![Page 17: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
performance
strategies
learning processes
styles, intelligences, aptitudes
beliefs, attitudes, motivation
![Page 18: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
There are various ways to
read a text
You don't need to
understand every single
word
You have to take
reasonable risks
You need to tolerate ambiguity
![Page 19: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
performance
strategies
learning processes
styles, intelligences, aptitudes
beliefs, attitudes, motivation
C
O
M
P
E
T
E
N
C
E
![Page 20: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
persontask
![Page 21: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
“I took a course in speed reading, learning to read straight down the
middle of the page, and was able to read War and Peace in twenty
minutes. It’s about Russia.”
Woody Allen
![Page 22: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Strategy education: The 4E approach
E = explicit
E - experiential
E - embedded
E - evaluative
![Page 29: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Strategy education:The 4E approach
Explicit
![Page 30: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
E = explicit
strategies
beliefs
attitudes
![Page 31: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Strategy education:The 4E approach
Embedded
![Page 32: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
task difficulty
learner's skill level
![Page 33: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Strategy education:The 4E approach
Experiential
![Page 34: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
experience
reflection
![Page 35: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Strategy education:The 4E approach
Evaluative
![Page 36: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Is this strategy good for
me?
Is it appropriate for this
task?
![Page 37: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Direct strategy activation
Strategy discovery
![Page 38: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Direct strategy activation
suggest – do not not impose
make support readily available
provide examples and models before task execution
have students evaluate strategies just after task completion
![Page 39: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Strategy discovery
Before the task …
elicit expectations, beliefs, attitudes, habits, anxieties …
After the task …
elicit strategies, together with the problems that triggered their use
![Page 40: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
a strategic metacognitive approach
promote learning strategies so that learners can
experiment with and self-assess a variety of strategies
grow in awareness, flexibility and self-regulation
learner empowerment
![Page 41: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
learner empowerment
not just a result in terms of linguistic and communicative
competence
but also in terms of learning process –increasing
self-efficacy
self-esteem
expectations of success
![Page 42: Learning strategies: bridging the gap between competence ... · strategies learning processes styles, intelligences, aptitudes beliefs, attitudes, motivation C O M P E T E N C E](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042807/5f800215a8649d2730472d44/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Now I know the rules of the game. I can try
harder, play better and maybe win.