Learning Agents CenterGeorge Mason University
Symposium on Reasoning and Learning in Cognitive SystemsStanford, CA, 20-21 May 2004
Gheorghe Tecuciwith Mihai Boicu, Dorin Marcu, Bogdan Stanescu,
Cristina Boicu, Marcel Barbulescu
Problem Solving Method: Task Reduction
Learnable Knowledge Representation: Plausible Version Spaces
Multistrategy Learning during Problem Solving
Overview
Agent Development Experiments
Teaching and Learning Demo
Acknowledgements
Research Problem, Approach, and Application
The expert teachesthe agent to perform various tasks in a way that resembles
how the expert would teach a person.
The agent learnsfrom the expert,
building, verifyingand improving itsknowledge base
1. Mixed-initiative problem solving
2. Teaching and learning
3. Multistrategy learning In
terf
ace
ProblemSolving
Learning
Ontology+ Rules
Research Problem and Approach
Research Problem: Elaborate a theory, methodology and family of systems for the development of knowledge-base agents by subject matter experts, with limited assistance from knowledge engineers.
Approach: Develop a learning agent that can be taught directly by a subject matter expert while solving problems in cooperation.
Government
Military
People
Economy
Alliances
Etc.
Which are the critical capabilities?
Are the critical requirements of these capabilities satisfied?
If not, eliminate the candidate.
If yes, do these capabilities have any vulnerability?
Application to current war scenarios (e.g. War on terror, Iraq) with state and non-state actors (e.g. Al Qaeda).
Identify potential primary sources of moral or physical
strength, power and resistance from:
Test each identified COG candidate to determine whether it has all the necessary critical
capabilities:
Identify COG candidates Test COG candidates
Sample Domain: Center of Gravity Analysis
Centers of Gravity: Primary sources of moral or physical strength, power or resistance of the opposing forces in a conflict.
Problem Solving Method: Task Reduction
Learnable Knowledge Representation: Plausible Version Spaces
Multistrategy Learning during Problem Solving
Overview
Agent Development Experiments
Teaching and Learning Demo
Acknowledgements
Research Problem, Approach, and Application
S1
S11a
S1n
S11b1 S11bm
T11bmT11b1
T1nT11a
…
…
T1
Q1
S11bT11b
A1n S11A11
……
A11b1 A11bm
S11bQ11b
Let T1 be the problem solving task to be performed.
Finding a solution is an iterative process where, at each step, we consider some relevant information that leads us to reduce the current task to a simpler task or to several simpler tasks.
The question Q associated with the current task identifies the type of information to be considered.
The answer A identifies that piece of information and leads us to the reduction of the current task.
A complex problem solving task is performed by:
• successively reducing it to simpler tasks;
• finding the solutionsof the simplest tasks;
• successively composing these solutions until the solution to the initial task is obtained.
Problem Solving: Task Reduction
Identify and test a strategic COG candidate for Allied_Forces_1943 which is a multi_member_force
What type of strategic COG candidate should I consider for this multi_member_force?
Identify and test a strategic COG candidate corresponding to a member of the Allied_Forces_1943
I consider a candidate corresponding to a member of the multi_member_force
Therefore we need to
US_1943
Identify and test a strategic COG candidate for US_1943
Which is a member of Allied_Forces_1943?
Therefore we need to
Identify and test a strategic COG candidate for Sicily_1943
We need to
Which is an opposing_force in the Sicily_1943 scenario?
Allied_Forces_1943
Identify and test a strategic COG candidate for Allied_Forces_1943
Therefore we need to
Is Allied_Forces_1943 a single_member_force or a multi_member_force?
Allied_Forces_1943 is a multi_member_force
Therefore we need to
COG Analysis:World War II at the time of Sicily 1943
Problem Solving Method: Task Reduction
Learnable Knowledge Representation: Plausible Version Spaces
Multistrategy Learning during Problem Solving
Overview
Agent Development Experiments
Teaching and Learning Demo
Acknowledgements
Research Problem, Approach, and Application
Knowledge Base: Object Ontology + Rules
A hierarchical representation of the objects and types of
objects.
A hierarchical representation of the types of
features.
has_as_controlling_leaderDomain: agentRange: person
has_as_religious_leaderDomain: governing_bodyRange: person
has_as_military_leaderDomain: governing_bodyRange: person
has_as_god_kingDomain: governing_bodyRange: person
has_as_monarchDomain: governing_bodyRange: person
has_as_political_leaderDomain: governing_bodyRange: person
has_as_head_of_stateDomain: governing_bodyRange: person
has_as_head_of_governmentDomain: governing_bodyRange: person
has_as_commander_in_chiefDomain: forceRange: person
Object Ontology<object>
Scenario Strategic_COG_relevant_factor
Established_governing_body
Resource_or_ infrastructure_element
Psychosocial_factor
Geographic_factor
Historic_factor
Military_factor
Political_factor Other_relevant_factor
Civilization_factor
War_scenario
Ad_hoc_governing_body
Other_type_of_governing_body
Demographic_factor
Agent Force_goal
International_factor
Other_political_factor
Controlling_element
Group_governing_body
Governing_body
State_government
Economic_factor
Operation_other_than_war
Question Which is a member of ?O1 ?Answer ?O2
INFORMAL STRUCTURE
IFIdentify and test a strategic COG candidate corresponding to a member of the ?O1
THENIdentify and test a strategic COG candidate for ?O2
US_1943
Which is a member of Allied_Forces_1943?
We need to Identify and test a strategic COG candidate corresponding to a member of the Allied_Forces_1943
Therefore we need to
EXAMPLE OF REASONING STEP
FORMAL STRUCTURE
IFIdentify and test a strategic COG candidate corresponding to a member of a force
The force is ?O1
THENIdentify and test a strategic COG candidate for a force
The force is ?O2
Plausible Upper Bound Condition ?O1 is multi_member_force
has_as_member ?O2 ?O2 is force
Plausible Lower Bound Condition ?O1 is equal_partners_multi_state_alliance
has_as_member ?O2 ?O2 is single_state_force
Identify and test a strategic COG candidate for US_1943
Knowledge Base: Object Ontology + Rules
LEARNED RULE
Universe of Instances
Concept
Plausible Upper Bound
Plausible Lower Bound
Learnable knowledge representation
Use of the object ontology as an incomplete and evolving generalization language.
Plausible version space (PVS)Use of plausible version spaces to represent and use partially learned knowledge:• Rules with PVS
conditions• Tasks with PVS
conditions• Object features with
PVS concept• Task features with
PVS concept
Feature Domain: PVS concept Range: PVS concept
Problem Solving Method: Task Reduction
Learnable Knowledge Representation: Plausible Version Spaces
Multistrategy Learning during Problem Solving
Overview
Agent Development Experiments
Teaching and Learning Demo
Acknowledgements
Research Problem, Approach, and Application
Control of modeling, learning and problem solving
Input Task
Generated Reduction
Mixed-Initiative Problem Solving
Ontology + Rules
Reject ReductionAccept ReductionNew Reduction
Rule Refinement
Task RefinementRule Refinement
Modeling
Learning
Solution
US_1943
Identify and test a strategic COG candidate for US_1943
Which is a member of Allied_Forces_1943?
We need to
Therefore we need to
Identify and test a strategic COG candidate corresponding to a member of the Allied_Forces_1943
Provides an example
1
Rule_15Learns
2
Rule_15
?
Applies
Germany_1943
Identify and test a strategic COG candidate for Germany_1943
Which is a member of European_Axis_1943?
Therefore we need to
3
Accepts the example
4 Rule_15Refines
5We need to
Identify and test a strategic COG candidate corresponding to a member of the European_Axis_1943
…
Disciple uses the learned rules in problem solving, and refines them based on expert’s feedback.
Modeling Learning
Problem Solving Refining
Rule learning method
Example of atask reduction
step
Plausible version space rule
analogy
PLB
PUB
Knowledge Base
Incompletejustification
Analogy and HintGuided Explanation
Analogy-basedGeneralization
Find an explanation of why the example is correct
US_1943has_as_member
Allied_Forces_1943
The explanation is the best possible approximation of the question and the answer, in the object ontology.
US_1943
Identify and test a strategic COG candidate for US_1943
Which is a member of Allied_Forces_1943?
I need to
Therefore I need to
Identify and test a strategic COG candidate corresponding to a member of the Allied_Forces_1943
Generate the PVS rule
Condition?O1 is Allied_Forces_1943
has_as_member ?O2?O2 is US_1943
Most general generalization
IFIdentify and test a strategic COG candidate corresponding to a member of a force
The force is ?O1
THENIdentify and test a strategic COG candidate for a force
The force is ?O2
Plausible Upper Bound Condition ?O1 is multi_member_force
has_as_member ?O2 ?O2 is force
Plausible Lower Bound Condition ?O1 is equal_partners_multi_state_alliance
has_as_member ?O2 ?O2 is single_state_force
explanation?O1 has_as_member ?O2
Most specific generalization
US_1943has_as_member
Allied_Forces_1943
Rewriteas
Rule refinement method
Failureexplanation
PVSRule
Example of task reductionsgenerated by the agent
Incorrectexample
Correctexample
Learning fromExplanations
Learning by AnalogyAnd Experimentation
Learning from Examples
Knowledge BaseIF<task>
THEN<subtask 1>…<subtask m>
Condition<condition 1>
Except when condition<condition 2>…Except when condition<condition n>
Problem Solving Method: Task Reduction
Learnable Knowledge Representation: Plausible Version Spaces
Multistrategy Learning during Problem Solving
Overview
Agent Development Experiments
Teaching and Learning Demo
Acknowledgements
Research Problem, Approach, and Application
Initial modeling
Ontology specification
Ontology import
Ontology development
Initialobject
ontology
Force
<object>
Scenario
Strategic_goal
Force_goal
Strategic_COG_relevant_factor
Demographic_factor
International_factor
Psychosocial_factorEconomic_factor
Geographical_factor
Historical_factor
Military_factor
Political_factor
Other_relevant_factor
Operational_goal
Civilization_factor
resource_ or_ infrastructure_element
Problemspecification
Modeling the problem solving process of the subject matter
expert and development of the object ontology of the agent.
Scenarios(elicited)
Generalrules
(learned)has_as_pr im ary_
force_elem ent
ha s asoppo sing
force
Sic ily_1943
“W W II Allied invasiono f Sicily in 1943”
brief_descr iption
Anglo_allies_1943
US_19 43
Brita in_194 3
com ponent_state
compone nt_state
Allied_forces_operation_Husky
type_of_opera tions
has_as_subg roup
US_7 th _Ar my_(Fo rce_ 343)
“combined and joint operations”
has_a s_subgroup
Br_ 8th_A rm y_(Force_545)
has_as_subgroupWe stern_Naval_TFhas_as_subgro up
Eastern_N aval_TFhas_as_subgroup
US_9 th_Air_Fo rcehas_a s_subgroup
Northwest_A frica_A ir_Fo rce
instance_of
instance_of
instance_ofinstance_of
instance_ of
insta nce_of
instance_of
instance_of
instance_of
insta nce_of
insta nce_of
insta nce_of
ha s_as_ industrial_factor
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
IF the task isIdentify the strategic COG candidates with respect to theindustrial civilization of a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1
THENConclude that an economic factor is a strategic COGcandidate for a state which is a member of a force
The state is ?O2The force is ?O1The economic factor is ?O3
Plausible Upper Bound Condition?O1 IS Force?O2 IS Force
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_factor
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS Strategically_essential_goods_o_materiel
Plausible Lower Bound Condition?O1 IS Anglo_allies_1943?O2 IS US_1943
has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 IS Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS War_materiel_and_transports_of_US_1943
explanation?O2 has_as_industrial_factor ?O3?O3 is_a_major_generator_of ?O4?O4 IS strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
Force
<object>
Scenario
Strategic_goal
Force_goal
Strategic_COG_relevant_factor
Demographic_factor
International_factor
Psychosocial_factorEconomic_factor
Geographical_factor
Historical_factor
Military_factor
Political_factor
Other_relevant_factor
Operational_goal
Civilization_factor
resource_ or_ infrastructure_element
Scenario specification
Modeling
Task and rule learning
Task, rule, ontology refinement
Problem solving
Objectontology(refined)
Teaching of the agent by the subject
matter expert.
Agent Development Methodology
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DiscipleAgent KB
Problem
solving
Disciple was taught based on the expertise of Prof. Comello in center of gravity analysis.
Disciple helps the students to perform a center of gravity analysis of an assigned war scenario.
Teaching
Learning
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The use of Disciple is an assignment that is well suited to the course's learning objectives
Disciple should be used in future versions of this course
Use of Disciple at the US Army War College
319jw Case Studies in Center of Gravity Analysis
Disciple helped me to learn to perform a strategic COG
analysis of a scenario
Global evaluations of Disciple by officers from the Spring 03 course
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Use of Disciple at the US Army War College
589jw Military Applications of Artificial Intelligence course
Students teach Disciple their COG analysis expertise,
using sample scenarios (Iraq 2003, War on terror 2003, Arab-Israeli 1973)
Students test the trained
Disciple agent based on a
new scenario (North Korea
2003)
I think that a subject matter expert can use Disciple to build an agent, with limited assistance from a knowledge engineer
Spring 2001COG identification
Spring 2002COG identification
and testing
Spring 2003COG testing based on
critical capabilities
Global evaluations of Disciple by officers during three experiments
Extended KB
stay informedbe irreplaceable
communicate be influential
Integrated KB
Initial KB
have supportbe protected
be driving force
432 concepts and features, 29 tasks, 18 rulesFor COG identification for leaders
37 acquired concepts andfeatures for COG testing
COG identification and testing (leaders)
Domain analysis and ontology development (KE+SME)
Parallel KB development (SME assisted by KE)
KB merging (KE)
Knowledge Engineer (KE)
All subject matter experts (SME)
DISCIPLE-COG DISCIPLE-COG DISCIPLE-COG DISCIPLE-COG DISCIPLE-COG
Training scenarios:Iraq 2003
Arab-Israeli 1973War on Terror 2003
Team 1 Team 2 Team 3 Team 4 Team 5
5 features10 tasks10 rules
Learned features, tasks, rules
14 tasks14 rules
2 features19 tasks19 rules
35 tasks33 rules
3 features24 tasks23 rules
Unified 2 features Deleted 4 rules Refined 12 rulesFinal KB:+9 features 478 concepts and features+105 tasks 134 tasks+95 rules 113 rules
DISCIPLE-COG
Testing scenario:North Korea 2003
Correctness = 98.15%
5h 28min average training time / team3.53 average rule learning rate / team
Parallel development and merging of KBs
Disciple-WA (1997-1998): Estimates the best plan of working around damage to a transportation infrastructure, such as a
damaged bridge or road.
River bedSite 106
Left bankSite 105Right bank
Site 107
Site 103:cross-sectionDamage 200: destroyed bridge
Bridge/Rivergap = 25 meters
Near approach(Right approach)Site 108
Far approach(Left approach)Site 104
River bedSite 106
Left bankSite 105Right bank
Site 107
Site 103:cross-sectionDamage 200: destroyed bridge
Bridge/Rivergap = 25 meters
Near approach(Right approach)Site 108
Far approach(Left approach)Site 104
River bedSite 106
Left bankSite 105Right bank
Site 107
Site 103:cross-sectionDamage 200: destroyed bridge
Bridge/Rivergap = 25 meters
Near approach(Right approach)Site 108
Far approach(Left approach)Site 104
Demonstrated that a knowledge engineer can use Disciple to rapidly build and update a knowledge base capturing knowledge from military engineering manuals and a set of sample solutions provided by a subject matter expert.
Disciple-COA (1998-1999): Identifies strengths and weaknesses in a Course of Action, based on the principles of war and
the tenets of army operations.
Demonstrated the generality of its learning methods that used an object ontology created by another group (TFS/Cycorp).
Demonstrated that a knowledge engineer and a subject matter expert can jointly teach Disciple.
Other Disciple agents
Mission: BLUE-BRIGADE2 attacks to penetrate RED-MECH-REGIMENT2 at 130600 Aug in order to enable the completion of seize OBJ-SLAM by BLUE-ARMOR-BRIGADE1.
Close: BLUE-TASK-FORCE1, a balanced task force (MAIN EFFORT) attacks to penetrate RED-MECH-COMPANY4, then clears RED-TANK-COMPANY2 in order to enable the completion of seize OBJ-SLAM by BLUE-ARMOR-BRIGADE1. BLUE-TASK-FORCE2, a balanced task force (SUPPORTING EFFORT 1) attacks to fix RED-MECH-COMPANY1 and RED-
MECH-COMPANY2 and RED-MECH-COMPANY3 in order to prevent RED-MECH-COMPANY1 and RED-MECH-COMPANY2 and RED-MECH-COMPANY3 from interfering with conducts of the MAIN-EFFORT1, then clears RED-MECH-COMPANY1 and RED-MECH-COMPANY2 and RED-MECH-COMPANY3 and RED-TANK-COMPANY1. …
Reserve: The reserve, BLUE-MECH-COMPANY8, a mechanized infantry company, follows Main Effort, and is prepared to reinforce ) MAIN-EFFORT1.
Security: SUPPORTING-EFFORT1 destroys RED-CSOP1 prior to begin moving across PL-AMBER by MAIN-EFFORT1 in order to prevent RED-MECH-REGIMENT2 from observing MAIN-EFFORT1. …
Deep: Deep operations will destroy RED-TANK-COMPANY1 and RED-TANK-COMPANY2 and RED-TANK-COMPANY3.
Rear: BLUE-MECH-PLT1, a mechanized infantry platoon secures the brigade support area.
Fires: Fires will suppress RED-MECH-COMPANY1 and RED-MECH-COMPANY2 and RED-MECH-COMPANY3 and RED-MECH-COMPANY4 and RED-MECH-COMPANY5 and RED-MECH-COMPANY6.
End State: At the conclusion of this operation, BLUE-BRIGADE2 will enable accomplishing conducts forward passage of lines through BLUE-BRIGADE2 by BLUE-ARMOR-BRIGADE1. MAIN-EFFORT1 will complete to clear RED-MECH-COMPANY4 and RED-TANK-COMPANY2. SUPPORTING-EFFORT1 will complete to clear RED-MECH-COMPANY1 and RED-MECH-COMPANY2 and RED-MECH-COMPANY3 and RED-TANK-COMPANY1. SUPPORGING-EFFORT2 will complete to clear RED-MECH-COMPANY5 and RED-MECH-COMPANY6 and RED-TANK-COMPANY3.
Problem Solving Method: Task Reduction
Learnable Knowledge Representation: Plausible Version Spaces
Multistrategy Learning during Problem Solving
Overview
Agent Development Experiments
Teaching and Learning Demo
Acknowledgements
Research Problem, Approach, and Application
This research was sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Air Force Research Laboratory, Air Force Material Command, USAF under agreement number F30602-00-2-0546, by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under grant number F49620-00-1-0072 and by the US Army War College.
Acknowledgements