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Learning About Volcanoes and Mathematics
Soledad Ulep & Eligio Obille JrU.P. NISMED, Philippines
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Most of the active volcanoes in the world are found around the Pacific Ocean.
http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/ringfire.htm
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Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
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• Taal Volcano
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Crater Lake, Taal Volcano Photo: E. Obille Jr.
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Lava eruption at Mayon Volcano Photo: Tryfon Topalidis
When volcanoes erupt, different materials come out.
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Lava flow at Mayon Volcano Photo: Tomas Tam
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Later on, the lava cools down and turns solid.
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Pyroclastic flow at Mayon Volcano Photo: C.G. Newhall
Very small fragments that come out of volcanoes are called ASH.
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Pyroclastic flow at Pinatubo Volcano Photo: Alberto Garcia
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• The volcanic ash that fall on the slopes of a volcano may become saturated with rain during typhoon season. Later, the ash and rainwater mixture may move down as LAHARS.
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Before lahar event Photo: in Fire & Mud, Newhall and Punongbayan, eds
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After lahar event Photo: in Fire & Mud, Newhall and Punongbayan, eds
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Lahar in Pampanga Photo: in Fire & Mud, Newhall and Punongbayan, eds
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Lahar in Tarlac Photo: in Fire & Mud, Newhall and Punongbayan, eds
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Lahars at Mayon Photo: E. Obille Jr.
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Lahars at Mayon Photo: E. Obille Jr.
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Pinatubo eruption, 1991 Photo: Richard P. Hoblitt, USGS
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Pinatubo ashfall Photo: United States Marine Corps
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Mayon Volcano, Albay Photo: NASA
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Suggested Mathematical Tasks
• Determine the distance of the community from the volcano using a map.
• Determine the distance travelled by different volcanic materials (deposits made by lavas, pyroclastic flows, ashfall, and lahars (students will use hazard maps as basis)
• Compare the relative speeds of the different volcanic hazards (lava flow, pyroclastic flow, lahars, ashfall) with the “speed” of walking, running, bicycling, or using a car.
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Suggested Mathematical Tasks
• Determine the area covered by the different volcanic deposits (to help students visualize the extent of this area, compare it to that of a basketball court)
• Determine the volume of materials ejected by a volcano (to help students visualize the large amount of material involved, compare it to the capacity of a dump truck)
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Reference
Newhall, C. G., & Punongbayan, R. S. (Eds.). (1996). Fire and Mud: Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. Retrieved August 12, 2005, from http://pubs.usgs.gov/pinatubo/contents.html