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LEAP Educators’ Conference 2011
Promoting Higher-Order Thinking through Drill-and-Practice in Elementary School Mathematics
Yeap Ban Har
Marshall Cavendish Institute
Singapore
Presentation is available on www.banhar.blogspot.com
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This lecture is dedicated to the fifteen students in the Elementary Mathematics Content and Pedagogy Course held at NIE (Sep – Dec 2010)
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Introduction
Mathematics is an excellent vehicle for the
development and improvement of a person’s
intellectual competence…
Ministry of Education 2006
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Example
Arrange consecutive numbers 1 to 5 in the given
arrangement so that the vertical sum is equal to
the horizontal sum.
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3
1
4
52
2
3
4
51
2
5
3
41
Total = 10 Total = 8 Total = 9
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Example
Arrange consecutive numbers 2 to 6 in the given
arrangement so that the vertical sum is equal to
the horizontal sum.
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5
2
4
63
3
6
4
52
3
4
5
62
Total = 12 Total = 11 Total = 13
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3
1
4
52
2
3
4
51
2
5
3
41
Total = 10 Total = 8 Total = 9
5
2
4
63
3
6
4
52
3
4
5
62
Total = 12 Total = 11 Total = 13
1 83 9
5 10
2 11
4 12
6 13
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1 83 9
5 10
2 11
4 12
6 13
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2, 3, 4, 5, 6
3, 4, 5, 6, 7
3
5
7
14
15
16
20, 21, 22, 23, 24
20
22
24
?
?
?
m, …
mm + 2m + 4
?3(m + 2)
?
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Example
Students get to practise addition of three
numbers while developing higher-order thinking
such as looking for patterns and relations, as
well as their number sense.
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Use the digits 0 to 9 not more than
once to make a correctmultiplication sentence.
x
Source
Teacher Professional Development Course in Singapore
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1 2x 56 0
4 3x 28 6
2 9x 38 7
1 5x 46 0
1 2x 78 4
1 5x 23 0
1 8x 23 6
1 8x 35 4
1 8x 47 2
1 4x 79 8
1 2x 89 6
responses
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The Anchor Problem – to make a correct division sentence
using one set of digit tiles 0 to 9.
Source: Springhurst Elementary School, New York
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Example
How about the learning of multiplication facts or
the multiplication table?
Can it involve the development of higher-order
thinking?
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Source: Pensar sin Limites (Chile)
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Source: Pensar sin Limites (Chile)
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Source: Maths Champion (Indonesia)
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2 x 7 = 145 x 7 = 357 x 7 = ?
2 x 8 = 133 x 8 = ?
3 x 8 = 246 x 8 = ?12 x 8 = ?
10 x 6 = 609 x 6 = ?
18 x 6 = ?17 x 6 = ?
Source: Primary Mathematics (Singapore)
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Example
Students have a chance to develop the ability to
make connections and also to develop
visualization ability which is fundamental in the
learning of mathematics.
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481644
8
12
8
1
0
0
16
4
16
0
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481644816
4000800
16
4
8
12
8
16
0
16
0
4
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Source
Grade 4 Lesson on Long Division in Keys Grade School, Manila
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Source
Grade 4 Lesson on Long Division in Keys Grade School, Manila
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Comparison between Grade 4 and Grade 8
Mathematics Performance
38%44%
8% 6%
73% 77%
33%24%
91% 93%
64%
51%
Grade 4 Grade 8 Grade 4 Grade 8
Singapore International
Advanced
High
Intermediate
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Conclusion
Drill-and-practice is mot mutually exclusive from
higher-order thinking. This lecture gives
examples of how drills can be used to develop a
range of higher-order thinking.