Download - Lean manufacturing.pdf
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Lean Manufacturing
Macbook Air
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Eli Whitney (Interchangeable parts)
Drawing conventions, TolerancesModern machine tool development
1850
1900Fredrick Taylor (Standardized work, time study & work standards)
Frank Gilbreth (Process charts, motion study)
Henry Ford (Assembly lines, flow lines, manufacturing strategy)
Deming & Juran (SPC, TQM)
1990
1950Eiji Toyoda, Taiichi Ohno, Shigeo ShingoToyota production system, JITStockless production, World class manufacture
Lean Manufacture
American Civil War
World War I
World War II
History & EvolutionHistory & EvolutionBefore 1850 Craft manufacturing
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Govt. Policies
Global Competition
Rising Cost of Input(Raw material, Energy)
Accountability to shareholders & financers
Industrys Concerns
Competency of employees
Above all SUSTAINABLE Improvement
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Create precise customer value
- goods and services with higher quality and fewer defects
with less human effort, less space, less capital, and less time than the traditional system of mass production.
Remove waste Consume just enough recourses Do more with less
Survival Kit
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Defining Value and Waste
Defining value - an item or feature for which a customer willing to pay.
Every thing else waste
Waste - activities that consume time, resource and/or space but do not add value.
Lean - Production of product to meet demand on daily basis with minimum lead time & non value added activities eliminated or minimized
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Focus on Waste
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Value Added Activity
Test for value added activities
- Transforms product in some way
- Customer sees & willing to pay
- Will the customer know if eliminated
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Overproduction
Waiting
Inventory
Transportation Motion
Over Processing
Rework
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To produce sooner,fasteror in greater quantitiesthan customer demand.
Raw material,work in progress
or finished goods which is not havingvalue added to it.
People or partsthat wait for
a work cycle tobe completed.
Unnecessary movementof people, parts or
machines withina process.
Unnecessary movement of peopleor parts between processes.
Non rightfirst time.Repetitionor correctionof a process.
Processing beyondthe standardrequired by thecustomer.
is the Japanese word for WASTE.MUDA
Seek it out and get rid!
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An 8th wasteis the wasted
potentialof people
Seven Wastes
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Eliminating Waste
7 steps
1. Reduce lead time
2. Cut operations costs
3. Improve business performance visibility
4. Speed time to market
5. Exceed customer expectations
6. Streamline outsourcing processes
7. Manage global operations
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Lean manufacturing is not a collection of best practices from which manufacturers can pick and choose. It is a production philosophy, a way of conceptualizing the manufacturing process from raw material to finished goods and from design concept to customer satisfaction. Lean is truly a different way of thinking about manufacturing.
- Running Todays Factory: A Proven Strategy for Lean Manufacturing, Charles Standard.
Lean manufacturing is a systems approach
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Comparison of lead timeComparison of lead time
CustomerOrder
Waste ProductShipment
Time
CustomerOrder
ProductShipment
Time (Shorter)
Business as Usual
Waste
Lean Manufacturing
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Main Features of Lean ManufacturingMain Features of Lean Manufacturing
Greater Product Variety Fast Response (Flexibility) Stable Production Schedules Supply Chain Integration Demand Management Broader jobs, highly skilled workers, proud of
product Excellent quality Reduced costs Ability to meet global market & competition
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Typical benefits of waste elimination initiative
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Lean Thinking, Lean Tools & Supporting Strategies
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Lean Tools to Lean Management
Lean thinking
The basics of Lean Thinking is the customer first
How do we do that?
By creating thinking people
And how do we do that?
By creating workplaces that are more human and encourage people to think
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Lean Thinking Principle #1Define Value
Quality Flexibility Service Variety
Variability Response-
Time Cost
-- -- -- -- V A L U E V A L U E -- -- -- --
The critical starting point for Lean Thinking is The critical starting point for Lean Thinking is valuevalue as defined by the ultimate customer.as defined by the ultimate customer.
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Lean Thinking Principle #2Identify the Value Stream
All the actions required to bring a specific product or service through the three critical transformation processes:
Idea transformation: concept to market launch Information transformation: order-take through
scheduling to delivery Physical transformation: raw materials to final
customer
Value-add time (Hours) Inventory Waiting
Typical value-add to lead-time ratio ~ 1%
Waste Value-add activity
Setup Transportation Waiting Inspect
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Lean Thinking Principles #3,4,5
#3: Make the work flow Every time the flow of work stops we
consume resources that adds costs but generates no value
#4: Respond only when the customer pulls work Overproduction is the worst form of waste
as it generate all other waste types e.g. transportation, inventory, waiting,..
#5: Strive to seek perfection The real benchmark is zero waste, not
what your competitors are doing!
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Lean Tools & Supporting Strategies
5S Visual control Team building Problem solving Standardised processes Value stream mapping
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Lean Tools & Supporting Strategies
Pull system Kanban Takt time rate of customer
demand Manufacturing Cells Heijunka
5Ws & 1H
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Kaizen
Total Productive Maintenance
SMED (setup reduction)
Poka-Yoke or mistake-proofing
Cycle time reduction
Andon signalling system to stop line
Lean Tools & Supporting Strategies
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5S
A method for organizing a workplace, and keeping it organized.
Benefits1.Improve safety2.Decrease down time3.Raise employee morale4.Identify problems more quickly5.Develop control through visibility6.Establish convenient work practices
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Visual Control
Any communication device used in the work environment that tells us at a glance how workshould be done and whether it is deviating from the standardBenefits1. Increase productivity2. Improve quality3. On-time delivery4. Reduce inventory 5. Increase equipment reliability6. Boosts bottom-line profits
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Visual controls show
Where items belong?
How many items belong there?
What is the standard procedure for doing something?
Status of work in process.
Many other types of information critical to the flow of work activities.
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Visual management
Visual management maintains an orderly work environment.
Employees have quicker and safer access to items that are needed.
Colour-coding is often used to remind employees of where items belong.
If order is not continually stressed, disorder will result and create an unfriendly work atmosphere.
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BenefitsIntroductionLean Tool1. Improves morale and
leadership skills.2. Finds the barriers that
thwart creativity3. Clearly defines objectives
and goals4. Improves processes and
procedures5. Improves organizational
productivity6. Identifies a teams
strengths and weaknesses7. Improves the ability to
problem solve
An active process by which a group of individuals with a common purpose are focused and aligned to achieve a specific task or set of outcomes
Team Building
Team Building
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BenefitsIntroductionLean Tool
1. Leads to identify root cause(s) of chronicle problems
The Problem Solving is a systematic approach with a sequence of sections that fit together depending on the type of problem to be solved. These are:
1. Problem Definition2. Problem Analysis3. Generating possible
Solutions4. Analyzing the Solutions 5. Selecting the best
Solution(s)6. Sustaining the gains
Problem Solving
Problem Solving
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1. Enable Visualizing the production process
2. Identifies waste in each step of the production process.
3. Provides a plan for implementing improvements to the production process to reduce costs.
A tool for guiding improvements by identifying waste & isolated processes
Value stream Mapping
1. Better decision making 2. Cost reduction and increase in
efficiency3. Effective information sharing4. Easier international transfer of
marketing skills5. Simplifying the coordination
and control between subsidiaries and business functions
Standardization is the process of developing and agreeing upon technical standards.
Standardized Process
BenefitsIntroductionLean Tool
Standardized Process & Value stream Mapping
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1. Reduce lead times
2. Minimize work in process
3. optimize floor space usage
4. Simplify production signals and improve on-time delivery to customers.
A method of controlling the flow of resources by replacing only what has been consumed
Pull system
BenefitsIntroductionLean Tool
Pull system
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1. Reduces waste and scrap
2. Provides flexibility in production
3. Increases Output
4. Reduce Preventing Over Production
5. Minimizing Wait Times and Logistics Costs
6. Reduce Stock Levels and Overhead Costs
7. Save Resources by Streamlining Production
8. Reduce Inventory Costs
A system of continuous supply of components, parts and supplies, such that workers have what they need, where they need it, when they need it
Kanban
BenefitsIntroductionLean Tool
Kanban
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1. Flexible Operation 2. Setup Time Reduction 3. Process Simplification 4. Schedule Variety
Comprises a group of equipment, that is dedicated to the complete production of a family of similar parts
Manufacturing Cells
1. Gives the rhythm at which system should operate
2. Smooth production planning & reduced interruptions in operations
3. System synchronization with customer requirement
4. Enable pull scheduling5. No over production6. No rush hours in work7. WIP reduced
The rate that a completed product needs to be finished in order to meet customer demand
Takt time rate of customer demand
BenefitsIntroductionLean Tool
Takt time Rate of customer demand & Manufacturing Cells
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1. Identify root cause2. Identify current and future
needs for organizational improvement.
3. Develop a logical approach to problem solving; using data that already exists in most operations.
It is a method of questioning that leads to the identification of the root cause(s) of a problem
5Ws & 1 H
1. Stability of manpower 2. Reduction of unnecessary
overtime 3. Reduction in inventory levels 4. Reduction of stress levels in
the production area
the leveling of production by both volume and product mix
Heijunka
BenefitsIntroductionLean Tool
Heijunka & 5Ws & 1 H
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1. Improve Productivity2. Reduce breakdown leading
to Zero breakdown concept3. Leads to multi-skilling of
workers4. Better safety5. Improve quality of products
A maintenance philosophy designed to integrate equipment maintenance into the manufacturing process. The goal is to keep equipment producing only good product, as fast as possible with no unplanned downtime.
Total Productive Maintenance
1. Increased Space utilization2. Increased product quality3. Better Use of capital4. Communications5. Production capacity 6. Employee retention
Continuous Improvement Kaizen
BenefitsIntroductionLean Tool
Kaizen & Total Productive Maintenance
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1. Better safety
2. Reduce breakdown
3. Improve Productivity
A techniques that help operators avoid mistakes in their work caused by choosing the wrong part, leaving out a part, installing a part backwards, etc.
Poka-yoke or mistake proofing
1. WIP and lot size reduction
2. Finished goods inventory reduction
3. Improved equipment utilization/yield
4. Increased profitability without new capital equipment purchase
The practice of reducing the time it takes to change a line or machine from running one product to the next
SMED (Set up reduction)
BenefitsIntroductionLean Tool
SMED (Set up reduction) & Poka-yoke or mistake proofing
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1. Reduced costs 2. Increased throughput3. Streamlined processes4. Improved communications5. Reduced process variability6. Schedule integrity7. Improved on-time delivery
Reduction of total time taken from start of the production or service to its completion. It includes processing time, move time, wait time, and inspection time
Cycle Time reduction
BenefitsIntroductionLean Tool
Cycle Time reduction
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1. Bring immediate attention to problems as they occur in the manufacturing process.
2. Provide a simple and consistent mechanism for communicating information on the plant floor.
3. Encourage immediate reaction to quality, down time, and safety problems.
4. Improve accountability of operators by increasing their responsibility for goodproduction and empowering them to take action when problems occur.
5. Improve the ability of supervisors to quickly identify and resolve manufacturing issues.
A Japanese term refers to the warning lights on an assembly line that light up when a defect occurs. When the lights go on, the assembly line is usually stopped until the problem is diagnosed and corrected.
Andon Signaling system to stop line
BenefitsIntroductionLean Tool
AndonSignaling system to stop line
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